• 약학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1985

The effect of dietary fat on the immunotoxicity of chloramphenicol was investigated in mice, sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells. Chloramphenicol suppressed more cell-mediated immunity than humoral immunity. The saturated fat diet elevated humoral and cell-mediated immunotoxicity, whereas the unsaturated fat diet decreased humoral immunotoxicity, but elevated cell-mediated immunotoxicity of chloramphenicol. Especially, the normal diet in saturated and unsaturated fat restored immunosuppressive effect of chloramphenicol compared to the saturated fat diet and the unsaturated fat diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.578-585
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate effects of low fat diet and saturated fat supplementation on the function of the immune system. Forty male BALB/c mice average-weighing 15g were divided into two dietary groups: 0.7% safflower oil group and 4.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group. Results are as follows; 1) Food intake, body weight, organ weight, agglutination test, differential white cell count and histological examination of spleen were not different in two dietary groups during the experimental period. 2) Delayed-type hypersensitive test of the mice fed 4.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil was significantly higher than that of the mice fed 0.7% safflower oil ($\alpha$=0.05). 3) Plaque forming cell was significantly reduced at 10th week compared to 7th week in both groups($\alpha$=0.05). Although there was no significant difference between two groups. 0.7% safflower oil groups showed slightly higher plaque forming cell than 4.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.461-465
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• 2000

The effects of 3% Cortex Eucommiae extracts on serum lipid contents were evaluated in rats. Forty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $100{\pm}10g$ were divided into seven groups and fed different fat diets for four weeks. Each group was administered with following group: Control, basal fat diet, saturated fat diet and unsaturated fat diet respectively was fed 1% cholesterol, Cortex Eucommiae extracts 3%. The contents of serum lipid contents triglyceride in the basal fat diet group were higher than those of control group. The contents of total-cholesterol in serum of the saturated fat diet group was significantly higher than other group. The contents of HDL-cholesterol in serum of the 3% Cortex Eucommiae extract group were higher than those other fat diet group. The contents of LDL-cholesterol in serum of the 3% Cortex Eucommiae ex1ract group was lower than other fat diet groups. These results suggest that 3% Cortex Eucommiae extract group may reduced elevated levels of serum lipid contents in rats different fed fat diet.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.809-814
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• 1999

각 지방 식이를 달리 처리하여 물과 대두 추출물을 섭취한 흰쥐의 혈청 지질 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 체중 $100{\pm}10g$의 Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐 98마리를 콜레스테롤 비투여군, 표준지방식이, 동물성 지방식이, 식물성 지방식이, 고지방식이에 각각 1% 콜레스테롤을 첨가하여 물과 대두 추출물을 달리 섭취하여 처리한 실험군을 14개군으로 분류하여 4주 동안 사육하였다. 체중 증가량은 각 지방식이를 달리 하여 물만 섭취한 군과 대두 추출물 처리를 달리하여 섭취한 군들 사이에서 대두 추출물 군이 약간 증가하였으나 유의적인 큰 차이는 없었다. 혈청 중 중성지질과 콜레스테롤 함량에서 물만 섭취한 군에 비하여 대두추출물군에서 낮은 함량을 나타냈다. HDL-, LDL-cholesterol은 고지방식이와 동물성 지방식이에서 대두콩 추출물의 투여후 혈중 지질 개선 효과가 뚜렷하게 관찰되었고, 특히 식물성 지방 식이와 대두 추출물을 같이 투여한 군은 상승 작용을 가져와 혈중 지질 증가 억제 효과가 컸다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 1998

In order to independently examine the effects of long-chain saturated fatty acids and dietary cholesterol levels on plasma and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, six different diets were fed to male Mongolian gerbils (14 gerbils pes grcup) for an 8-week period. Purified diets contained 36% energy as fat (each saturated fatty acid tested comprised about 20% of the total fat energy) and 0.06% (w/w) cholesterol, corresponding to typical human consumption patterns in Western diets. Fat blends were formulated with natural fat sources. To determine the effects of different saturated fatty acids on plasma and liver cholesterol levels, four of the six diets contained constant levels of all nutrients except for the amounts of lauric acid (12 0), myristic acid (14 : 0), palmitic acid (16 0), and stearic acid (18 : 0). Dietary cholesterol effects were tested using 16 : 0-enriched diets containing 0, 0.006, and 0.06% (w/w) cholesterol. None of the plasma lipids were influenced by fatty acid treatment, including triglycerides, plasma total-, VLDL+LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol. However, hepatic esterified cholesterol concentrations were increased in the palmitic and stearic arid diet groups compared to the lauric and myristic acid diet group. The molar ratios of hepatic EC/FC were the highest in the palmitic acid diet (12.2 $\pm$0.6) and the lowest in the myristic acid diet (6.4$\pm$0.2). Dietary cholesterol significantly (p<0.001) increased the plasma total cholesterol which was due to the increase of both HDL-and VLDL+LDL-cholesterol. In the absence of dietary cholesterol and compared to other species, the gerbil exhibited a high molar ratio of hepatic EC/FC, which was funker elevated by dietary cholesterol feeding (0.06%). The results from this study indicate that hepatic cholesterol concentrations are sensitive to both low levels of dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acid chain length and also, that plasma cholesterol concentrations are sensitive to low levels of dietary cholesterol .

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.838-844
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing a fat diet with selenium (Se) and vitamin E on performance of cows, blood antioxidant status and milk fatty acid composition. Sixty-three lactating Holstein cows were randomly divided into seven groups of nine cows each and each group was fed one of the following diets: i) a basal diet (control); ii) a basal diet with 0.15 mg Se/kg DM (LSe); iii) a basal diet with 0.3 mg Se/kg DM (HSe); iv) a basal diet with 5,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (LVE); v) a basal diet with 10,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (HVE); vi) a basal diet with 0.15 mg Se/kg DM and 5,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (LSeVE); vii) a basal diet with 0.3 mg Se/kg DM and 10,000 IU/cow d vitamin E (HSeVE). Milk fat percentage and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) yield in HVE and HSeVE diets increased (p<0.05) compared with the control diet. In milk fat, dietary supplementation of Se tended to increase the proportion of the sum of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and significantly decreased (p<0.05) the proportion of the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA). In addition, compared with the control, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was lower and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was higher when fat diets were supplemented with Se. Our data showed that supplementation with Se and/or VE improved these nutrients in blood and milk. The results indicated that fat diets supplemented with Se improved both antioxidant status in blood and fatty acids in milk fat, and fat diets supplemented with vitamin E alleviated milk fat depression. Therefore, the combination of Se and vitamin E caused synergistic effects on the nutritional quality of milk fat and performance of cows fed a fat diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.1105-1116
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• 2017

Objective: A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat containing saturated free fatty acids (FA) on milk performance of Holstein dairy cows. Methods: A database was developed from 21 studies published between 1991 and 2016 that included 502 dairy cows and a total of 29 to 30 comparisons between dietary treatment and control without fat supplementation. Only saturated free FA (>80% of total FA) was considered as the supplemental fat. Concentration of the supplemental fat was not higher than 3.5% of diet dry matter (DM). Dairy cows were offered total mixed ration, and fed individually. Statistical analysis was conducted using random- or mixed-effects models with Metafor package in R. Results: Sub-group analysis showed that there were no differences in studies between randomized block design and Latin square/crossover design for dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production responses to the supplemental fat (all response variables, $p{\geq}0.344$). The supplemental fat across all studies improved milk yield, milk fat concentration and yield, and milk protein yield by 1.684 kg/d (p<0.001), 0.095 percent unit (p = 0.003), 0.072 kg/d (p<0.001), and 0.036 kg/d (p<0.001), respectively, but tended to decrease milk protein concentration (mean difference = -0.022 percent unit; p = 0.063) while DMI (mean difference = 0.061 kg/d; p = 0.768) remained unchanged. The assessment of heterogeneity suggested that no substantial heterogeneity occurred among all studies for DMI and milk production responses to the supplemental fat (all response variables, $I^2{\leq}24.1%$; $p{\geq}0.166$). Conclusion: The effects of saturated free FA were quantitatively evaluated. Higher milk production and yields of milk fat and protein, with DMI remaining unchanged, indicated that saturated free FA, supplemented at ${\leq}3.5%$ dietary DM from commercially available fat sources, likely improved the efficiency of milk production. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to assess the variation of production responses to different saturated free FA, either C16:0 or C18:0 alone, or in combination with potentially optimal ratio, when supplemented in dairy cow diets.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2012

We investigated the role of fatty acid availability on skeletal muscle AMPK activity and adenine nucleotide content. To investigate the chronic effects of elevated fatty acid in vivo Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a chow diet (15% fat) or a diet high in saturated (SAFA, 52% fat) or polyunsaturated (PUFA, 52% fat) fat for eight weeks. High fat diets increased (P < 0.05) plasma FFA levels by 25%. AMPK activity was increased in SAFA and PUFA rats and occurred in the absence of changes in ATP, AMP, phosphocreatine and glycogen content. These results suggest that increasing fatty acid availability increases AMPK activity independent of changes in the cellular energy charge, and implicate the regulation of AMPK by a covalent mechanism. These data also support the contention that increasing fatty acid availability can increase subsequent fatty acid oxidation by an AMPK-mediated process.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.34-40
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• 1981

식물성(植物性), 동물성(動物性) 고지방식(高脂肪食)과 저지방식(低脂肪食)을 장기간(長期間) 섭취 했을 때 혈청(血淸) 지질성분(脂質成分)과 지단백분획(脂蛋白分劃)의 함대비(含臺比)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 알아보기 위하여 흰쥐를 사용하여 대조군(對照群)(12%-fat 이저(館低)), 저지방식이군(低脂肪食餌群)(3%-fat 식이(食餌)), 식물성고지방식이군(植物性高脂肪食餌群)(45%-corn oil식이(食領)) 및 동물성고지방식이군(動物性高脂肪食餌群(45%-butter fat 식이(食餌))를 각각 12주간(週間) 사육(飼育)하면서 4, 8 및 12주(週)에 쥐를 희생하여 혈청(血淸)중의 총(總) cholesterol, TG, 인지질(燐指質) 및 지단백분획(脂蛋白分劃)의 함대비(含臺比)를 측정(測定)하였다. 혈청(血淸) 총(總) cholesterol 함양(含量)은 45%-butter fat식이군(食餌群) 이 전실험(全實驗)기간 동안 대조군(對照群)보다 증가된 치(値)를 보였으며 45%-corn oil 식이군(食餌群)은 8주 및 12주에 증가되었다. 또 45%-butter fat 식이군(食餌群)과 비교했을 때 45%-corn oil 식이군(食餌群)이 4.8주에는 유의적(有意的)으로 낮았고 12주에는 다소 낮았다. 또한 저지방식이군(低脂肪食餌群)은 대조군과 전실험(全實驗) 기간 동안 차이가 없었다. 혈청(血淸) TG 함양(含量)도 45%-butter fat 식이군(食餌群)이 실험전(全( 기간 동안 대조군(對照群)보다 증가된 치(値)를 나타내었으며, 45 %-corn oil식이군(食餌群)과 저지방식이군(低脂肪食餌群)은 12주(週)째에만 증가된 치(値)를 나타내었다. 혈청(血淸) 인지질(燐脂質)의 함양(含量)은 저지방식이군(低脂肪食餌群)에서만 식이투여(食餌投與) 12주(週)에 대조군(對照群)에 비해 낮은 치(値)를 보였다. 혈청(血淸) 지단백분획(脂蛋白分劃)의 함양비(含量比)는45%-butter fat 식이군(食餌群)이 4, 8 및 12주에, 45%-corn oil 식이군(食餌群)은 8, 12주(週)에, 저지방식이군(低脂肪食餌群)은 12주에 대조군(對照群)에 비(比)해 ${\alpha}$-lipoprotein의 함양비(含量比)는 감소(減少)되고 ${\beta}$-lipoprotein의 함양비(含量比)는 증가되었다. 그 중에서도 특히 저지방식이군(低脂肪食餌群)이 가장 헌저한 변동을 보였다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.107-112
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• 1999

Diet quality index DQI) offers a new way of comparing eating habits across populations and across countries. Nutrients and food consumption data from 100 elderly Korean women aged 65 and older were collected in Seoul or Kyunggi-do, Korea by the 24 hour recall method. Diet quality index (DQI) was computed for 1049 elderly women (65 and older) from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) in the US according to US dietary guidelines, and applied to the diet of elderly Korean women for purposes of comparison. A modified 16-point DQI awarded 2 points each for moderate consumption of fat ($\leq$ 30% energy), saturated fat ($\leq$ 10%), cholesterol ($\leq$ 300 mg/day), sodium ($\leq$ 2400 mg/day), and protein ($\leq$ 100% RDA), adequate intakes of carbohydrate ($\qeq$50% energy) and calcium ($\qeq$ 100% RDA), and plenty of fruits and vegetables ($\qeq$ 5 servings). Criteria were based on US dietary guidelines. Partial scores were given if subjects were close to meeting these cutoff points. Diets with $\leq$ 300 mg cholesterol/day were reported by 97% or the Korean sample and 82% of the American sample, while 90% of the Koreans and 42% of the Americans met the goal of $\leq$ 30% of energy from fat, and 98% of the Koreans and 47% of American met the recommendation of $\leq$ 10% of energy from saturated fat. In contrast, only 8% of the Korean sample met the sodium recommendation of $\leq$ 2400 mg sodium per day, whereas 54% of the American subjects met this goal. The mean DQI scores were 10.1 for the elderly American women and 11.3 for the elderly Korean women. Overall, the elderly Korean diet was more consistent with the US dietary guidelines than the elderly American diet.