• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.433-442
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• 1998

The removal procedure of particles in the atmosphere was simulated in the saturated and dry conditions to know the effect of the saturated atmosphere on the size distributions of particles. The particles were divided into 5 ranges, 0.0mm, 0.0∼0.65mm, 0.65∼2mm, 2∼10mm and more than 10mm, and the gases were classified into the smallest range for calculation. At the dry condition, particles grew only by the collision -coalescence and were removed by gravitation. The particles in the range of 2.0∼10mm fell mostly at the 30 km distance from the pollutant source because of gravitation. The particles larger than 10 pm were removed at the 10 km distance from the pollutant source because of their gravity. But the particles larger than 10pm appeared again at more than 30km distance. It is considered that they have been grown during the smaller particles had been advected and diffused at that distance, and it needed about 1 hour from the moment of release. At the saturated condition, particles grew by both the collision-coalescence and condensation. The model showed that the condensation makes more number of particles larger than 10mm and then the particles were removed due to their large gravity. Only a few particles existed at the range of 0.65∼10mm and larger thats 10mm. It is concluded that the saturated atmosphere is effective on removing PM-10.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제24권E1호
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• pp.44-53
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• 2008

This study was undertaken to measure the properties of individual mineral particles in an artificially saturated atmosphere at a vertical extinct mine with 430 m height. By synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) microprobe analysis, it was possible to determine the elemental composition of residual insoluble particles on individual cloud droplet replicas formed on the Collodion film. The XRF visualized elemental maps enabled us not only to presume the chemical mixing state of particles retained in cloud droplet, but also to estimate their source. Details about the individual mineral particles captured by artificial cloud droplets should be helpful to understand about the removal characteristics of dust particles such as interaction with clouds. Nearly all individual particles captured in cloud droplets are strongly enriched in Fe. Mass of Fe is ranged between 41 fg and 360 fg with average 112 fg. There is a good agreement between single particle analysis by SR-XRF and bulk particle analysis by PIXE.

• 보존과학연구
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• 통권32호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2011

국내에서 토기 복원에 주로 사용하는 접착제 3종: Cemedine C, Loctite$^{(R)}$ 401$^{TM}$, Araldite Rapid Type와 메움제 3종: 석고, CDKI 520 A+B, Araldit$^{(R)}$ SV 427-2+HV 427-1의 제거효과에 대해 연구했다. 1차 실험에서 각각의 재료들을 여러 용제에 침적해 연화의 정도(Soften level)를 비교하고, 2차 실험은 연질토기 시료와 경질토기 시료에 재료들로 복원하여 침적법과 증기법의 효과를 비교했다. 1차 실험 결과 Cemedine C와 Loctite는 아세톤에 쉽게 녹았고, Plaster(석고)는 인산나트륨에 효과적으로 제거되었다. Araldite Rapid Type와 CDKI 520과 SV427은 Dichloromethan, Tetrahydrofuran, DMX (Dichloromethan + Methanol + Xylene)에 효과적으로 제거되었다. 2차 연구는 1차 연구를 토대로 제거에 효과적이라 판단되는 용제를 각각 침적법과 증기법으로 제거하였다. 대부분의 시료에 적용된 재료들은 침적법으로 10분 이내에, 증기법으로는 약 24시간 후에 제거되었다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제50권7호
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• pp.1173-1183
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• 2018

Transient fluid velocity and pressure fields in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) steam generator (SG) secondary side during the blowdown period of a feedwater line break (FWLB) accident were numerically simulated employing the saturated water flashing model. This model is based on the assumption that compressed water in the SG is saturated at the beginning and decompresses into the two-phase region where saturated vapor forms, creating a mixture of steam bubbles in water by bulk boiling. The numerical calculations were performed for two cases of which the outflow boundary conditions are different from each other; one is specified as the direct blowdown discharge to the atmosphere and the other is specified as the blowdown discharge to an extended calculation domain with atmospheric pressure on its boundary. The present simulation results obtained using the two different outflow boundary conditions were discussed through a comparison with the predictions using a simple non-flashing model neglecting the effects of phase change. In addition, the applicability of each of the non-flashing water discharge and saturated water flashing models for the confirmatory assessments of new SG designs was examined.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.17-28
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• 1997

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different chilling and packing methods on physico-chernical properties of cold-stored chicken breast and thigh meats. Dehoned chicken breast and thigh meats were chilled either air spray or ice-water immersion method. The chilled meats were either vacuum packed or atmosphere packed, and stored at -2˚C for 1, 3, 7, 11, 15, and 20 days. The pH of both immersion chilled meats and vacuum packed meats were higher than those of their counterparts(P<0.05). The pH of atmosphere packed meats increased as the storage period extended. The moisture contents of vacuum packed meats were remarkably higher than those of atmosphere packed meats. The pH of all treatments decreased as the storage period extended. The shear values of air spray chilled and vacuum packed breast meats were significantly higher than immersion chilled and vacuum packed ones. However, immersion chilled and atmosphere packed breast meats were significantly higher than those of air spray chilled and atmosphere packed breast meats. The shear values of immersion chilled and vacuum packed thigh meats were significantly higher than those of immersion chilled and vacuum packed thigh meats. In atmosphere packed thigh meats, air spray chilling method showed higher shear values than those of immersion chilled thigh meats. In thigh muscle, tenderness values tended to decrease as the storage period extended(P<0.05). Contents of water soluble proteins of vacuum packed and air spray chilled breast and thigh meats were higher than those of their counterparts as the storage period extended(P<0.05). The contents of water soluble proteins significantly decreased as the storage period extended. Salt soluble proteins of atmosphere packed breast and thigh meats were remarkably higher than those of vacuum packed ones(P<0.05). Total lipid contents of atmosphere packed and air spray chilled breast and thigh meats were higher than those of atmosphere packed and immersion chilled meats as the storage period extended. The vacuum packed meats were significantly higher in total lipid contents than those of atmosphere packed meats. The storage period decreased the total lipid contents of cold chicken, Major fatty acids in cold-stored chicken were oleic, palmitic, linoleic and stearic acids, regardless of chilling method. Unsaturated fatty acids of all treatments decreased, but saturated fatty acids increased as the storage period extended.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2016

Thermal stability and rheological behaviors of Ricinodendron heudelotii wood were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis conducted at a heating rate of $10^{\circ}C/min$ from 20 to $600^{\circ}C$ in a nitrogen atmosphere indicated that there was no variation in the decomposition of the onset and final temperature for all the polymers. The thermal behaviours were investigated at a temperature range from 130 to $0^{\circ}C$ at $3^{\circ}C/min$, multi-frequencies of 0.1-10 Hz using dynamic mechanical analysis. N-methyl-2-pyrolidone saturated specimens were tested while submerged under the same solvent. Polymers decomposition pattern during thermogravimetric analysis are similar in the radial position of the wood. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of R. heudelotii is $45{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ at 0.1 Hz. The Tg differs from the innerwood to outerwood. The Tg showed that N-methyl-2-pyrolidone saturated R. heudelotii would require low energy consumption during chemi-thermomechanical pulping.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.578-584
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• 2019

The occurrence of white plume in the cooling tower is phenomenon that the steam in the air through the cooling tower fan is condensed again by the cold ambient air to become saturated moist air. Accordingly, this can cause many problems like spoiling landscape around the cooling tower, odor of ambient air, falling accident by frozenness in the winter, and traffic accident, etc. This study was to install the heat exchanger in the inside of the cooling tower in order to prevent the white plume phenomenon in the cooling tower without affecting the performance of cooling tower. In addition, this study was to discharge the part of cooling water into the atmosphere through the recirculation of heat exchanger after creating dry air by heating the saturated moist air to the dew point temperature. At that time, this study was to conduct the experimental study in order to secure the optimal design data to prevent the white plume in the cooling tower because it checked the dry·moist temperature and relative humidity in the inside·outside of cooling tower on the moist air, and evaluated the performance of the heat exchanger.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.58-66
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• 2013

In this study, the effect of packaging methods [aerobic packaging (AP), vacuum packaging (VP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP: 75% $N_2$, 25% $CO_2$)] on colour, lipid quality and microbial growth of beef patties enhanced with flaxseed flour was investigated during storage at $2{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 10 d. L and a values of beef patties packaged in MAP and VP were higher (p<0.05) than that of the samples packaged in AP. Packaging in MAP and VP retarded the lipid oxidation (TBA value) and inhibited the bacterial growth of beef patties enhanced with flaxseed flour. Furthermore, TBA values in beef patties were correlated with a values (r = -0.340; p<0.05). Packaging in MAP was more effective than packaging in VP for inhibiting microbial growth. The samples packaged in VP lost their shape due to the compression by external atmosphere. Packaging treatment had no significant effect on saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in beef patties. The a and b, TBA and MUFA values changed during storage time. TBA values for beef patties increased during storage time, but did not reach to the limit value (1 mg/kg) until the end of the storage time. The results suggest that the shelf life of beef patties enhanced with flaxseed flour can be extended by packaging in MAP.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.147-147
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• 2022

In January 2021 heavy flood affected South Kalimantan with causing many casualties. The heavy rainfall is predicted to be generated due to the ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation). The weak La-Nina mode appeared to generate more convective cloud above the warmed ocean and result in extreme rainfall with high anomaly compared to past historical rainfall event. Subsequently, the antecedent soil moisture distribution showed to have an important role in generating the flood response. Saturated flow and infiltration excess mainly contributed to the runoff generation due to the high moisture capacity. The hydro-meteorological processes in this event were deeply analyzed using the coupled atmospheric model of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and the hydrological model extension (WRF-Hydro). The sensitivity analysis of the flood response to the SST anomaly and the soil moisture capacity also compared. Result showed that although SST and soil moisture are the main contributors, soil moisture have more significant contribution to the runoff generation despite of anomaly rainfall occurred. Model performance was validated using the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and Soil Moisture Operational Products System (SMOPS) and performed reasonably well. The model was able to capture the hydro-meteorological process of atmosphere and hydrological feedbacks in the extreme weather event.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.190-196
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• 2001

명반석$[K_2SO_4$.$Al_2(SO_4)_3$.$4Al(OH)_3$]을 공기분위기에서 가열하면 500~$580^{\circ}C$에서 탈수되고, 580~$780^{\circ}C$에서 $SO_3$(g)가 발생되므로 석회석과 혼합소성하였을 때의 무수석고($CaSO_4$)의 합성특성을 조사하였다. 명반석의 열분해는 $CO_2$(g) 분압에 영향이 없으나, 석회석의 경우 공기 분위기에서는 약 $650^{\circ}C$부터 분해되지만 $CO_2$(g)의 포화 분위기에서는 약 $900^{\circ}C$부터 분해된다. 명반석과 석회석을 1:6의 몰비로 혼합한 후 공기 분위기와 $CO_2$(g) 포화분위기에서 $10^{\circ}C$/min의 속도로 $1000^{\circ}C$까지 가열하여 2시간 동안 소성하면 $550^{\circ}C$에서 무수석고가, $700^{\circ}C$에서 calciumlangbeinite($(2CaSO_4$.$K_2SO_4$)가, 800~$950^{\circ}C$에서 ha yne이 형성되며 이때 무수석고의 합성량은 각각 99.0%와 95.0% 정도였다. 공기 분위기에서 무수석고 합성량은 석회석의 입도(0.5mm 이하)에 관계없이 거의 일정하지만, $CO_2$(g)의 포화분위기에서는 석회석의 입도가 작아짐에 따라 증가된다. 그러므로 명반석과 석회석을 1:6의 몰비로 혼합 소성하면 1 몰의 ha yne과 1 몰의 calciumlangbeinite로 구성된 클링커가 합성가능하다.