• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
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• pp.113-118
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• 1984

한국산 인삼(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) 뿌리에서 추출한 사포닌 성분이 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 실험관 내 실험과 동물실험으로 관찰하였다. 흰쥐(Sprague-Dawley, male, $18{\~}200g$)의 마이크로좀 분획을 NADPH, $Fe^{+3}$, ATP $\alpha^{-+}$-ocopherol 과 인삼 사포닌 분획 (대조군은 사포닌 분획대신 같은 부피의 물)을 함유한 혼합물에서 30분간 반응을 진행시키고 생성되는 molondialdehyde를 분석한 결과 사포닌 분획은 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항산화작용을 상승적으로 증가시켰다. 그리고 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항 산화작용에 상승적 효과는 반응액에서의 인삼 사포닌 분획의 농도가 $10^{-5}\%$ 전후에서 특히 현저하였다. 술로 과산화물을 유발케 한 쥐에게 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol만을 또는 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol과 인삼 사포닌 분획의 혼합물을 경구투여하고 일정 시간 후에 간의 과산화 지질을 thiobarbituric acid 방법으로 분석한 결과 사포닌 분획이 동물체내에서도 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항 산화작용을 크게 촉진시키는 것으로 관찰되었다. 또한 사포닌 분획은 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 흡수를 촉진시키는 것으로 보고되고 있으며 본 실험에서도 이것을 확인하였고 이와 같은 사포닌 분획의 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol흡수 촉진은 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol의 항 산화작용을 더욱 효과적으로 촉진 시킬 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of crude saponin fracton from Korean red ginseng on physiological events of ovariectomized rats. The saponin fractions was prepared by Diaion HP-20 adsorption chromatography and spirit. Total 50 rats were divided into 5 groups : normal control (NC), sham-ovariectomized (SO), ovariectomized (OR), ovariectomized and saponin treated (OS), and normal control treated with saponin (NS). Saponin was intraperitonally administered for 8 weeks. Ovariectomy was carried out at 1 st and 2nd weeks of experiment. Right-side ovary of rat was removed at 1st week, the otehr was done at 2nd week. The body weights fo ovariectomized rats showed no significant changes but that of NS group showed significant increase (p<0.05) compared with NC group. Ovariectomy of rats reduced the weights of femur by 6 to 8% compared with that of NC group. In addition, femur weight of NS group was 5 to 6% higher than that of NC. Uterus weight showed no significant differences by saponin treatment or ovariectomy. Serum testosterone level of ovariectomized rats increased by 60 times compared with that of NC. However, administration of crude saponin to ovariectomized rat attenuated testosterone level to almost that of NC. These results suggest that Korean red ginseng saponin attenuates physiological disorders induced by malfunction of ovary.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.160-168
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• 1997

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Panax ginseng saponin extracts on the dexamethasone-induced apoptosis of mouse thymus in vivo and mouse thymocytes in vitro. The saponin fractions of red ginseng (R-SAP) and white ginseng (Wl-SAP) were provided by the Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute, and the other saponin fraction of white ginseng (W2-SAP) was extracted in our laboratory. 1. The male ICR mice (3~4 wk old; weighing 15$\pm$2 g) were given by each saponin fraction of 5 mg/kg/ day for 4 days, and at one hour after the last treatment, they were injected by deuamethasone (5 mg/kg : DX). The mouse thymus was extracted at 6 hours after DX injection, and they were stained with hematoxylin-eosin reagents and an Apop-Tag kit, respectively, and the thymocytes prepared from it were labelled with anti-mouse FITC-anti-CD4 and anti-mouse PE-anti-CD8 and then analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). DX-induced reduction of thymus weight was significantly attenuated by W2- SAP but was not affected by other saponin fractions. And DX-induced apoptotic death of thymocytes, appeared in the histologic findings of the thymus, was inhibited by the saponin fractions and the order of these inhibitory potencies was R-SAP》W2-SAP>Wl-SAP. However, in respect of T cell receptors, the differentiation of thymocytes seems not to be changed by treatments with DX or/and the saponin fractions. 2. In the primary thymocyte culture, the DX-induced reduction of thymocyte MTT values was rather greater in RPMI 1640 medium of IWc fetal bovine serum (FBS) or horse serum (HS). In addition, the DX-Induced MTT reduction was significantly inhibited by R-SAP or W2-SAP, in the culture using that medium of 5% FBS or HS. But these saponin fraction did not effected the DX-induced reduction of thymocyte MTT value in primary culture of 10% FBS or 10% HS. These results suggest that R-SAP and some W-SAP fractions may protect thymocyte from stress or glucocorticoisteroid-induced death of them.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.143-148
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• 2009

Objectives : Anxiety and depression are stress-related disorders. Their prevalence are increasing rapidly. Ginseng is the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae) which has been used for many centuries in asian region. Anxiolytic effect is one of the popular effects of ginseng. Several studies reported saponin fraction of ginseng, including ginsenoside, is a major ingredient of anxiolytic effect. In present study, we investigated anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effect of non-saponin fraction in mice. Material and Method : Mice were divided into five groups. Experimental groups were administered non-saponin fractions (25 mg/kg; nsp25, 50 mg/kg; nsp50, 100 mg/kg; nsp100) respectively once a day in the morning at 9am for 1 week. Then, we performed elevated plus-maze (EPM) test for investigating the anxiolytic-like effect and forced swimming test (FST) for investigating the antidepressant-like action. Results : Non-saponin fraction 50 mg/kg group increased frequency and time spent (p<0.05) in open arm on EPM test and decreased immobility time (p<0.05) on FST compared with control group. Conclusions : We suggest that non-saponin fraction has anxiolytic-like effect and antidepressant like effect in mice.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.288-294
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• 1986

반합성 배지인 yeast extract sucrose (YES) 배지에서 인삼 saponm 및 그 관련 물질이 Aspergillus parasilicus의 AF 생성에 미치는 영향에 대해 검토하였다. 배양 시간에 따른 AF생성에 대해 검토한 결과 AF생성은 배양 9일째에 최고치을 나타내였으며 전 배양 기간을 통해 AF B1이 AFG1보다 많이 생성되었다. 배지내에 여러 농도의 인상 saponm을 첨가했을 때 모든 농도의 첨가군은 대조군보다 AF생성이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며 saponin 0.05% 첨가시 균체량과 AF 생성량이 매우 감소하였고 saponin 5.0% 첨가시 균체량은 대조군에 비해 증가하였으나 AF은 전혀 생성되지 않았다. 배지내에 saponindiol 맺 triol을 놓도별로 첨가한 경우 diol 0.05, 1.0 및 triol 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 %첨가군에서 AF생성이 감소되었다. 배치내에 saponin fraction를 첨가한 경우 fraction 1, 2, 4. 5. 6은 AF 생성을 상당히 저해하였으나 fraction 3과 7은 AF 생성을 자극하였다 0.05%의 adenosine, guanosine, caffeine 및 xanthosine을 배지에 첨가한 경우 AF생성이 저해되었으나 0.05%의 adenosine 및 cv-tosine을 첨가한 갱우에는 AF생성을 증가시켰다. 5.0%의 saponine을 배지에 첨가한 경우 AF생성은 전혀 일어 나지 않은 반면 total lipid의 합성과 균쳐1량은 대조군에 비해 매우 증가하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.513-518
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of yield, total phenolics, saponin content and composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of various fractions of fine ginseng root (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) by maceration method in the order of increasing polarity (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). Butanol fraction showed the highest total saponin content compare to other fractions. Hexane fraction could harvest significantly high ginsenoside Rg2, Rg1, and Rf (p<0.05). And the contents of ginsenoside Rh1, Rg3, and Rg1 showed relatively higher in the fraction of ethyl acetate than other fractions. The system of hexane-chloroform-ethyl aceate-butanol showed relatively high content of ginsenoside Re, Rd, Rc, Rb3, and Rb1. However, the last fraction of water still remained lots of Rb2 content. The fraction of water was the highest phenolics. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazil, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of water fraction was higher than the other fractions. In antimicrobial activity, the fraction of hexane showed relatively high antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. And the fractions of the chloroform and ethyl acetate showed higher antimicrobial activities than the other samples in against P. aeruginosa and S. typhimurium.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.235-241
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• 1990

두릅나무 Aralia elata순의 saponin을 분리하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. Saponin의 함량과 종류는 자연산이 온상산보다 많고, 가열에 의해서는 모두 감소하였으며, 잎이 자랄수록 그 함량은 증가하였다. 자연산 날것 식용적기(Nr2)의 총 saponin 종류는 37개였다. 2. 자연산의 saponin 패턴은 생육시기에 따라 변하였으며 날것 식용적기(Nr2)가 다른 것에 비해서 크게 달랐다. 그러나 가열 처리한 결과는 saponin 패턴이 변화되어 시기적 차가 줄었다. 온상산은 자연산에 비해 피크가 단순하고 시기별 차이는 적었지만 가열에 의한 패턴의 차도 적었다. 3. 자연산 날것 식용적기는 ‘b’ saponin이 특이하게 많았고 나머지에서는 ‘d’ saponin이 가장 많았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 1991

Ginseng components were examined for their ability to modify immunotoxicity of cyclophosphamide. Ginseng polysaccharide fraction (FO, 300 mg/kg) inhibited decreases in the ratio of spleen to body weight, white blood cells (WBC) count and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) induced by cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg, i.p.), and increased these variables in normal mice. Ginseng saponin fraction (50 mg/kg) showed to increase hemoglobin content as well as the number of PFC/spleen in normal mice. on the other hand, Panaxytriol (20 mg/kg) Prevented decrease in mc count by cyclophos phamide. Neither saponin fraction nor panaxytriol had any significant effect on the number of PFC and antibody titers in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. These results suggest that ginseng polysaccharine fraction may reduce the immunotoxicity of cyclophosphamide and may be effective in stimulating immune function in normal mice.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.155-160
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• 1998

This stuffy was carried to establish a new efficient method for the preparation of edible crude ginseng saponin. The conventional butanol extraction and resin adsorption methods were compared for the contents of total crude ginseng saponin and major ginsenosides. Seventy- percent methanol extract was applied to Diaion HP-20 column and the resin was washed with Hn and eluted with absolute methanol. The methanol elute was dried in vivo and analyzed for its ginsenosides. Use of ethanol instead of methanol to make edible crude ginseng saponin gave a similar result. Butanol extraction was performed by the conventional method. The final aqueous layer from butanol extraction was passed through Diaion HP-20 column followed by elution with methanol and Diaion HP-20 passed fraction was extracted with butanol to recover remaining components, respectively, in order to determine saponin loss. TLC and HPLC qualitatively and quantitatively monitored Ginsenosides, respectively. Loss of ginsenosides was higher in butanol extraction method than in Diction HP-20 adsorption method. In addition, saponin fractions prepared by Diction HP-20 adsorption method showed higher content of each ginsenoside, showing 8.2% higher purity than that of butanol extracted fraction. From these results, we propose the resin adsorption method as a new efficient measure for the preparation of crude ginseng saponin, which is edible by using spirit instead of methanol.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1969

Saponin, essential oil and fat oil fractions were fractionated from Panax Ginseng and their potentiating or inhibiting actions during the combined use of several central nervous system stimulants or depressants were observed to elucidate the possible role of Ginseng fractions on the central nervous system. Saponin, essential oil and fat oil fractions shortened nembutal sleeping time at low dosage (10 mg/kg) but contrarily they produced potentiation of nembutal hypnosis at high dosage (50mg/kg). In the toxicity study of amphetamine, saponin and essential oil fractions reduced the toxicity in aggregated mice at high dosage (100 mg/kg) but such decreased lethality was not observed in isolated mice. Ginseng fractions, especially high dose of saponin fraction (100mg/kg) prolonged the survival time after injection of convulsive dose of metrazol or cocaine and saponin fraction also prolonged the onset of cocaine convulsion at high dosage (100 mg/kg).