• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 1981

This survey was carried out for a month from Jan. 15th, 1979 to Feb, 15th, 1979 to study the sanitary environments of the "book-lending" shops (comic-book shops) in Inchon area, and the special emphasis was placed on their illumination and carbon monoxide gas, which plays an important part in the whole sanitary environment. 120 shops surveyed were chosen at random from 4 administrative districts, 30 shops from one district respectively. The results of the survey were as follows:1) The average space of the book-lending shops (63.3%) was 2.0~3.9 pyung, at 21 number of shops (17.5%) was 1.0~1.9 pyung, at 53 number of shops (10.8%) was 4.0~5.9 pyung, at 9 number of shops (7.5%) was 6.0~7.9 pyung. 2) The ages of 42.8 percent of the whole 888 customers range from 10 to 14 and those of 36.5 percent from 15 to 19, and those of 11.9 percent from 20 to 24, and 89.2 percent were male and 10.8 percent were females and the percent of spending time in shops was shown 10.2% in under 1 hr, 25.4% in 1 hr to 2 hrs, 46.5% in 2 hrs to 3 hrs and 17.8% in over 3 hrs. 3)The CO pollution was quite different by shops where the ventilator was equipped and where not equipped. In the shops equipped shown 36 shops (80.8%) and non-equipped shown 65 shops (86.7%), the pollution ratio of all the shops (120 shops) was 84.2 percent. 4) The CO Concentration of the ventilator equipped shops was shown 44.5 percent in 100~149 ppm, 150~199 ppm shown 33.3 percent and 22.2 percent was 200~250 ppm, In the non-equipped shops the CO concentration was shown 36.9 percent was 150~199 ppm and 200~250 ppm was 25.6 percent. The totally was 39.6 percent in 100~149 ppm. 5) 37.5 percent of the book-lending shops had the ventilation facilities but 62.6 percent had no ventilators. 6) The maxmum average illumination of the shops was 38.5 Lux and the minimum average illumination was 14.1 Lux, and the mean average illumination S.D. was 24.6\pm38.4. 7) 35.8 percent of the shops had the illumination of 20~29 Lux and 8.3 percent had that of more than 40 Lux. In other words 91.7 percent had the illumination of less than 40 Lux.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.77-80
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• 1969

In the cities nowadays, the dwelling conditions of Cackroach are provided by use of various kinds of construction material, installation of heating and cooling facilities that maintain moderate temperature, filthy sanitation, and lack of knowledge about insect as mechanical Vector. Cakroach is infectious disease Vector, and it proves to be of much importance in the public health. Considering such importance, the author has surveyed the distribution of Cackroach in the housing areas of Seoul City from May 1969 to the end of August 1969, and has come to the following conclusion: 1. House dwelling Cackroach collected in the City of Seoul are of two species, i. e. Blatella Germanica Linneaus and Periplaneta Japonica Karny. 2. Most of cackroach collected in Seoul are Blatella Germanica Linneaus and they are distributed in whole area of Seoul while that of Periplaneta Japonica Karny is distributed only in the limited area. 3. Dwelling places of Blatella Germanica Lineaus are in grog shop, Korean food restaurants, bakery shops, and patient rooms in hospitals. Many of them are found in tile kitchens and dining rooms of restaurants, and tearooms. They live in groups at older houses with much crack, warm and humid places. 4. For method of collection, the hand collection was the most effective. In trap collection during the day time, when the trap is placed at the narrow corners off the ground after confirming the dwelling places of cackroach, the match trap was more effective than the flask trap in collecting. In case of collecting during the night time, the flask trap was much more effective method than the match trap.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 1979

A survery was carried out in order to know the status of student health service and student medical insurance of universities and colleges in Korea from 1 July to 30 September. 1978. And the following results were obtained; 1. Out of seventy universities and colleges, 54.8% of them had student health service facility such as student health conte. (30.0%) or health room (24.8%). 2. Out of twenty-seven national and public universities and colleges, 44.4% of them had student health service facility and out of forty-three private universities and colleges, 60.5% of them had student health service facilities. 3. Each of 80.0% of 25 universities, 43.3% of 30 colleges and 33.3% of 15 junior colleges had student health service facility. 4. Major roles of student health service were physical examination (92.1%), health counselling (86.8%), primary medical care (78.9%), tuberculosis control (68.4%), insect and rodent control (52.6%), parasite control(47.4%), water source sanitation (44.7%), and dental health care (28.9%). 5. Out of 21 universities and colleges, 66.7% of them had full time doctor and 81.0% of them had full time nurse for student health center. And out of 17 universites and colleges, 5.9% of them had full time doctor and 33.3% of then had full time nurse for student health room. 6. The range of health fee was varied from 100 won to 1,400 won per student per semester and the average was 520 won. 7. Among 55 universities and colleges, 78.6% of them had carried out annual physical examination in 1977 and the rate of physical examination was 57.4%. 8. Out of 70 universities and colleges. 45.7% of them had tuberculosis control program and the prevalence rate was 6.0 per 1,000 students. 9. Student medical insurance program was developed by ten universities and one college among 25 universities and 45 colleges. 10. Student medical insurance benefit was varied according to university and college; the reduction rate of medical fee was 20% to 80% for not only in-patient but also out-patient. 11. The upper limit of pay claim was varied according to the university and college from 5,000 won to no-limitation for out-patient and from 30,000 won to no-limitation for in-patient. 12. The highest utility rate of student medical insurance program was found in university 'F' with the rate of 791 for out-patient and 12 for admitted patient per 1,000 students.

• 농촌계획
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2013

With the increase of visitors to rural tourism villages, the direct selling at sites is getting vitalized. Accordingly, their display stores is getting more important. Therefore, this study has selected 30 domestic rural tourism villages as study objects for the attitude survey of 200 farming suppliers and the site examination for the designs of those display stores in order to analyze their status and classify the types of necessity. Such operation status as sale item, sale method, method of supply and demand, major customer, sales scale, manager, opening hour, and operation cost were examined, to identity and for design factors the pattern, material quality and color were investigated. For the attitude of farming suppliers, the tactics of sales, the reason for being positive or negative, the functionality and the features of display stores were examined through brainstorming. IBM SPSS Statistics 20 Program was employed for Frequency, which indicated that village chiefs and store managers with the sales scale of 1 to 20 million won are dealing with female customers in their 40's and 50's and that those stores are open at the time of experience or year round without any operation expense. Permanent type and Fixed type were found to be the design factors of the display-case type with the material and the color of wood and orange respectively. The result of investigation analysis of farming suppliers' attitude showed the followings: the need of display stores is quite high, structure type and permanent type have high fitness and from the viewpoint of display-on-table type as a standard moving type was very convenient. The analysis of significant items at the characteristics of those display stores revealed that their locations, quality conservation, sanitation, users' convenience, designs and promotion are very important. The result of status analysis revealed that though there is a correlation among the types of display stores depending on the visiting season of tourists their installing is not desirable. Three types have been analyzed: Type 1 is a structure type only in the villages with continuous visitors, Type 2 a moving-table type only in the villages with temporary visitors and Type 3 is a fixed display-case type.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.315-328
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to analyze the problems arising from the actual conditions of the Foodbank, and to implement the HACCP system as a solution in terms of increasing the safety of donated food within the Foodbank. In order to apply HACCP system, the entire Foodbank working process such as preparation, collection, transportation, division, and distribution was considered and analyzed to decide the application point for CCPs. Donated foods mainly consisted of processed foods, raw materials, lunch boxes, and cooked foods from mass catering establishments, which dominated over the others in terms of quantity. Cooked foods were divided into three groups based on menu-types and processing methods. Temperature, pH, and aw were measured on cooked foods, and Total Plate Count, Coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and E. coli O157:H7 were conducted in order to apply a HACCP plan. From these experiments, temperature, pH, and $a_w$ of donated food were likely contributed to microbial growth. Donated foods before HACCP implementation showed high numbers in terms of total plate count and Coliforms, both well over the acceptable standard levels. By setting the CCPs on maintenance of donated food below $10^{\circ}C$ and using a $75^{\circ}C$ reheating method, microbiological hazard levels were able to be controlled and lowered. From these results, it is concluded that in order to guarantee food safety, foods donated to the Foodbank must not only maintain a reasonable level of initial microbiological growth, but also must be handled properly through time and temperature controls within the Foodbank system. Furthermore, in terms of implementing the HACCP plan within the Foodbank management structure, basic food safety and sanitation measures, such as reheating facilities and various cold chain systems such as refrigerated vehicle for food transportation are importantly needed. The training and education of Foodbank personnel and management in areas such as awareness of hygiene and safe food handling and practice are also required and necessary.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2007

전라북도내 사업체, 병원, 학교, 사회복지시설 등 집단급식소 설치 신고를 한 집단급식소 98개 업소를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 집단급식소의 위생관리 실태에 대하여 조사하였다. 식기 기구 및 용품의 소독 방법은 식기, 수저, 행주의 경우 열탕 소독이, 주방기기, 냉장고, 냉동고, 도마, 칼의 경우 소독제 방법이 많이 사용되었다. 위생복(34.4%), 위생모(34.4%), 냉장고(32.6%), 냉동고(31.8%)의 순으로 소독을 하지 않는 경우가 많았다. 위생교육 횟수는 월 1회가 56.1%로 가장 많았고, 월 2-3회 12.2%, 주 1회 11.3%순 이었다. 집단급식소의 일지 작성율은 해동일지(73.8%), 창고 및 화장실 점검일지(60.5%), 기구 등의 세척 및 살균 일지(54.5%),등의 순으로 많이 작성되었고, 조리장 위생관리 점검표(9.5%), 조리 종사자 위생점검 일지(10.8%), 위생교육 일지(8.4%) 등은 작성율이 낮았다. HACCP 제조 도입시 급식시설과 설비의 부족(54.1%)과 HACCP 제도에 대한 이해 부족(17.3%)이 주요 장애 요인이었다. 주방기기 및 기구 취급, 개인위생, 급 배수 시설 및 쓰레기 처리, 건물의 구조, 배치 및 시설관리에 대한 위생관리는 잘 이루어지고 있지 않았다. 집단급식소의 영양사들은 종사자의 개인위생과 급 배수 시설 및 쓰레기 처리에 대한 위생관리에 대해서는 잘 인식하고 있었으나 주방기기 및 기구 취급과 건물의 배치 및 시설의 위생 관리에 대해서는 인식이 부족하였다. 따라서 발생률이 계속 증가하는 식중독의 발생을 감소시키기 위해서는 위생관리 체계의 도입과 위생관리에 대한 영양사 인식의 전환이 필요하였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.515-524
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• 2015

The objectives of this study was to conduct a survey on schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in order to come up with feasible control strategies in Lake Victoria basin, Tanzania. Depending on the size of the school, 150-200 schoolchildren were recruited for the study. Duplicate Kato-Katz stool smears were prepared from each child and microscopically examined for Schistosoma mansoni and STHs. Urine specimens were examined for Schistosoma haematobium eggs using the filtration technique. After the survey, mass drug administration was done using praziquantel and albendazole for schistosomiasis and STHs infections, respectively. A total of 5,952 schoolchildren from 36 schools were recruited for the study and had their stool and urine specimens examined. Out of 5,952 schoolchildren, 898 (15.1%) were positive for S. mansoni, 754 (12.6%) for hookworms, 188 (3.2%) for Ascaris lumblicoides, and 5 (0.008%) for Trichuris trichiura. Out of 5,826 schoolchildren who provided urine samples, 519 (8.9%) were positive for S. haematobium eggs. The results revealed that intestinal schistosomiasis, urogenital schistosomiasis, and STH infections are highly prevalent throughought the lake basin. The high prevalence of intestinal and urogenital schistosomisiasis in the study area was a function of the distance from Lake Victoria, the former being more prevalent at localities close to the lake, whilst the latter is more so away from it. Control of schistosomiasis and STHs in the study area requires an integrated strategy that involves provision of health education to communities, regular treatments, and provision of adequate safe water supply and sanitation facilities.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2018

본 연구는 노인여가복지시설 중 지역노인들의 자율적으로 친목도모 취미활동 공동작업장 운영 및 각종 정보교환과 기타 여가활동을 할 수 있도록 하는 기초시설인 경로당의 건축계획적 특성 및 장애물 없는 생활환경 인증실태 분석을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해 경로당 건축물의 장애물 없는 생활환경 인증실태 및 건축 특성을 분석하였다. 이상의 조사결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있다. 첫째, 경로당은 대부분 1층 규모로 기본적 기능구성을 지니고 입지에 따라 기능구성의 큰 차이는 없으며, 다만 부지 규모 및 형상, 지형 등으로 접근성의 차이가 나타나고 있다. 둘째, 경로당의 장애물 없는 생활환경 인증실태 분석 결과, 위생시설 및 매개시설에서 재시공의 필요성이 많이 있으며, 이는 소규모 건축물 품질관리 부족과 인증에 따른 편의시설 설치기준에 대한 이해부족으로 나타나는 현상으로 보인다. 셋째, 소규모 건축물에 대한 '장애물 없는 생활환경 인증'의 접근성 및 수월성 제고를 위하여, 사업기간 및 예산 등 특성을 고려하여 자체평가서 작성 간략화, 인증심사기간 축소 및 인증수수료 인하 등의 정책적 고려가 필요한 것으로 보인다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1102-1139
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• 2002

A review on the papers published in the Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineering in 2000 and 2001 has been done. Focus has been put on current status of research in the aspect of heating, cooling, ventilation, sanitation and building environment. The conclusions are as follows. (1) Most of fundamental studies on fluid flow were related with heat transportation of facilities. Drop formation and rivulet flow on solid surfaces were interesting topics related with condensation augmentation. Research on micro environment considering flow, heat, humidity was also interesting for comfortable living environment. It can be extended considering biological aspects. Development of fans and blowers of high performance and low noise were continuing topics. Well developed CFD technologies were widely applied for developing facilities and their systems. (2) Most of papers related with heat transfer analysis and heat exchanger shows dealt with convection, evaporation, and channel flow for the design application of heat exchanger. The numerical heat transfer simulation studies have been peformed and reported to show heat transfer characteristics. Experimental as well as numerical studies on heat exchanger were reported, while not many papers are available for the system analysis including heat exchanger. (3) A review of the recent studies on heat pump system shows that performance analysis and control of heat pump have been peformed by various simulations and experiments. The research papers on multi-type heat pump system increased significantly. The studies on heat pipe have been examined experimently for change of working characteristics and strut lure. Research on the phase change has been carried out steadily and operation strategies of encapsulated ice storage tank are reported experimentally in several papers. (4) A review of recent studies on refrigeration/air conditioning system have focused on the system performance and efficiency for new alternative refrigerants. Evaporation and condensation heat transfer characteristics are investigated for tube shapes and new alternative refrigerants. Studies on components of refrigeration/air conditioning system are carried to examine efficiency for various compressors and performance of new expansion devices. In addition to thermophysical properties of refrigerant mixtures, studies on new refrigerants are also carried out, however research works on two-phase flow seemed to be insufficient. (5) A review of the recent studies on absorption cooling system indicates that heat and mass transfer phenomena have been investigated to improve absorber performance. Various experimental data have been presented and several simulation models have been proposed. A review of the recent studies on duct and ventilation shows that ventilation indices have been proposed to quantify the ventilation performance in buildings and tunnels. Main efforts have been focused on the applications of ventilation effectiveness in practice, either numerically using computational fluid dynamics or experimentally using tracer gas techniques. (6) Based on a review of recent studies on indoor thermal environment and building service systems, research issues have mainly focused on many innovative ideas such as underfloor air-conditioning system, personal environmental modules, radiant floor cooling and etc. Also, the new approaches for minimizing energy consumption as well as improving indoor environmental conditions through predictive control of HVAC systems, various activities of building energy management and cost-benefit analysis for economic evaluation were highlighted.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.1032-1042
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• 2011

본 연구는 군장병과 급양관을 대상으로 군 급식에 대한 이용실태, 인식 및 급식품질에 대한 중요도 및 수행도와 전반적인 만족도를 분석함으로써 향후 군 급식의 질 향상에 기초가 되는 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 조사대상 군장병의 계급은 일병 32.6%, 상병 116명 29.3%, 병장 22.5%이었고, 연령은 20~25세 미만이 96.0%로 가장 많았으며 학력은 대부분(84.6%)이 대학 재학 중인 것으로 나타났다. 조사대상 급양관 중 남성이 92.3%, 여성은 1명 7.7%이었고 조사대상군 급식소는 직영으로 운영되고 있었으며, 조사대상 급양관은 영양사 자격증을 소유하고 있지 않았다. 식단계획은 지역 급식회의를 통해 메뉴선정이 되었고 군급식소의 배식방법은 부분적 자율배식을 실시하는 곳이 53.8%, 자율배식을 실시하는 곳이 38.5%이었으며, 메뉴작성 주기는 한 달에 1번작성하는 곳이 69.2%이었다. 조사대상 군장병의 식사시간은 10~20분 이내가 58.3%로 나타났고, 잔반이 많은 끼니는 아침(62.4%)이, 많이 남기는 잔반으로는 국(66.9%)과 반찬(20.2%)으로 나타났다. 급양관 대상 군 급식 운영에 대한 의견 조사 결과 급식 운영 시 어려운 사항으로 급식시설의 부족 및 노후화(28.6%)가 가장 높은 응답률이었고, 취사병수의 부족(14.3%), 숙달된 취사병 부족(10.7%) 등이 있었다. 취사병관련 개선사항에 대해 작업량에 적절한 취사병 수의 배치(46.2%)가 가장 높은 응답률이었고 작업 활동의 능률성향상(30.8%)과 취사병의 청결한 복장 및 외모(23.1%) 등이 있었다. 군장병의 급식의 질 향상을 위한 고려사항으로는 음식의 맛이 40.6%, 배식량 증가가 30.4%, 위생상태 개선 13.6% 등이 요구되는 것으로 나타났다. 군장병이 군 급식으로 선호하는 조리법은 볶음류(45.7%)와 튀김류(25.8%)였으며, 선호하는 식재료의 종류로는 육류(78.5%)가 가장 높은 응답률이었다. 식단에 대한 희망사항으로는 양식메뉴의 증가(25.7%), 한식메뉴의 증가(21.5%)로 나타나 식단메뉴의 다양화를 요구하는 것으로 나타났다. 군 급식의 39개 속성의 품질특성과 이를 구분한 5개 영역으로 군 급식에서 제공되는 급식의 품질특성에 대한 중요도와 수행도를 평가한 결과 속성과 영역 모두에서 중요도가 수행도보다 높게 평가되어 모든 품질에 대해 개선이 요구되는 것으로 나타났다. 중요도 점수가 가장 높은 속성은 위생영역의 음식위생(평균 4.59점)이었고, 음식영역의 '음식의 외관'이 평균 3.70점으로 가장 낮았다. 수행도 점수가 가장 높은 속성은 시설영역의 '식단의 사전 공지'(평균 4.09점)이었고, 메뉴영역의 '다양한 메뉴'가 평균 3.28점으로 가장 낮았다. 또한 '음식의 신선도', '음식의 간', '냉 난방의 적절성', '음식의 맛', '환기'로 중요하다고 판단되지만 잘 수행되지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 전반적인 만족도는 평균 3.43점(5점 만점)으로 보통 수준의 만족도 점수를 나타냈다. 따라서 음식의 맛 개선, 메뉴관리의 체계화, 위생관리 향상 등을 통한 군 급식의 질적 향상을 위해 전문적인 지식과 자격을 갖춘 영양관리직 군무원의 인력배치가 요구된다. 또한, 식단의 조리법을 다양화하고 음식의 맛 향상과 조리시간 단축을 위해 급식 시설부족 및 노후화의 개선이 요구되며, 중요하게 생각하지만 군대 급식소에 의해 잘 수행되지 않는 것으로 나타나고 전반적인 만족도에 영향을 미치는 '음식의 맛' 속성 질적 개선을 위해 식단의 질적 개선이 요구된다. 또한 군 급식비는 국방부 전체 예산의 4.3%로 타 예산 항목대비 감액 편성되고 있으나 군장병의 기호도를 반영한 영양적으로 균형 있는 급식제공을 위해서는 군장병의 급식 재원의 확대가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.