• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.262-275
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• 2000

This study was done to describe the health promoting behavior and the quality of life among climacteric women and to identify the factors affecting the performance in health promoting behavior and the level of quality of life among climacteric women. The subjects of this study were 171 women(40 to 60 years old). The sample data were collected using a convenient sampling method, collected from August 10th to September 20th, 2000. The instruments for this study were the health promoting behavior scale(Park, 1995), the quality of life scale(No, 1988). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation with SPSS program were used to analyze the data. The results of the study were as follows; 1) The average score of the performance in the health-promoting behavior variables was 2.594. The variable with the highest degree of performance was the sanitary environment, whereas the one with the lowest degree was the professional health maintenance. 2) The average score of the level in the quality of life variables was 3.069. The variable with the highest degree was the relationship with neighbor, whereas the one with lowest degree was the economic life factor. 3) Performance in the health- promoting behavior was positively related to the level in the quality of life(r=0.54, P=0.001). 4) A significant difference was demonstrated between educational level, income, perceived health status and health-promoting behavior. 5) A significant difference was demonstrated between perceived health status and quality of life.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.59-77
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate on several factors, which contaminative the water quality through the water pipe during feeding water, in 42 largescaled apart-ments(total 84 cases) and assayed the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs) and concen-tration of heavy metals that inflow and outflow in reservior water in Jeonnam area(Mokpo, Suncheon, Yeosu) from January 1999 to December 1999. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The quality of the water pipe composition in the order of frequency in the quality of water pipes were Copper(45.2%)> Zinc(38.9%)> Stainless steel(9.5%)> PVC(4.8%)> PM(2.4%) in observing 42 sites. All of the drain pipes were used the cast iron quality. 2. The result of certification curve from 12 items(17kind) of VOCs was $1.0-4.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ range, a coefficient of correlation was shown 0.99 over. A MDL of each substance range was within $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$. 3. The result of the assay, 5 kinds(Viny chloride, Dichloromethane, Ethylbenzene, M,P-xylene, Styrene) of the VOCs of 14 kinds was not detected and the other items were detected slightly. The detection rate of one item and over in total VOCs samples, were 25.9% in inflow and 27.9% in outflow. And frequency of detect in inflow/outflow of THM(Chloroform, Bromodichloro-methane, Dibromochloromethane, Bromoform) were shown higher than 94.1%, 97.0% each stages. It comes to the conclusion that all of the samples were reason able for drinking water standards. 4. The coefficient of correlation were reasonable, it shown 0.999 over in $0.1-1.0{\mu{g}}/{\ell}$ of a measuring range conditions of 4kinds in organic substance(Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn). 5. The results were showed suitability in 78 cases(92.9%) and unsuitability in 6 cases (7.1%), in 84 cases of in organic substances. Compare to inflow stage, mean concentrations of heavy metal, were increased slightly in Zn, Cu, Fe except Mn than outflow stage. The result of the mean concentration in organic substance inflow and outflow in the apartment water tank using Pair-compared T-test, in 95% reliance index, were $0.179mg/{\ell}(0.151-0.307mg/{\ell})$ in Zinc, $0.136mg/{\ell}(0.113-0.230mg/{\ell})$ in Copper, $0.052mg/{\ell}(0.048-0.098mg/{\ell})$ in Fe, and there was a bit growing tendency but there was no differece in Mn. 6. The mean concentration of Copper which used Cu pipe as a water supply pipe in apartment were $0.216mg/{\ell}(0.161-0.338mg/{\ell})$ in case of the Zine pipe were $0.286mg/{\ell}(0.204-0.435mg/{\ell})$. It shows that the detection rate was more higher than the other material used in Cu or Zn as the water supply pipe. We supposed to Cu and Zn substance were gushing out water supply pipe.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.186-198
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• 2000

The quality of the management of sanitation in food service establishments (school lunch programs, hospital patient food services, and commercial catering food services) in Korea was reviewed and evaluated, and ten strategies fur future improvement were suggested. They were: (1) An increase of qualified manpower and improvement of the professional training of the staff; (2) Obtaining special facilities exclusively for food service; (3) Improvement of facilities especially the kitchens; (4) Improvement of policy fur procuring raw materials and being assured of their quality by designing some standards and specifications for the raw materials to be purchased; (5) Production and use accurate and reliable kitchen apparatus and instruments; (6) An increase of the laboratory apparatus and instruments for inspection and evaluation of the sanitary level of raw materials and food service environments; (7) Enforced improvement of personal hygiene of the staff; (8) Use of a variety of methods in sanitary education and training; (9) Actively inspect the quality of imported foods; (10) Strengthening the research and accumulation of background data regarding sanitation management. There is a long process from the production of food to eating. The cooking process is the ultimate end of preparation of food before eating. This process sometimes increases the occurrence of food-borne diseases if we mishandle the food, even we obtained safe food. The process can also remove health hazards and reduce the risk from the hazards if we handle the food well although we have unsafe foods. This means the cooking process is a major key to preventing food-borne diseases. The concepts of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) should be applied and practiced in food service establishments in Korea as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1983

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of ground water in Pusan area(see Fig. 1). One hundred and thirty two water samples were collected from the 11 stations from October 1981 to Sept ember 1982. To evaluate the sanitary quality, coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and composition of coliform group by IMViC reaction were observed. The median value of coliform group MPN of the samples were 59/100 ml in Udong and Daesindong, 68/100 ml in Suyeong, Yeonsandong and Sungjigog, 43/100 ml in Jenpodong and Mangmidong, 33/100 ml in Yeongdo and Dongrae, and 13.3/100 ml in Gammandong. Geometric mean of fecal coliform MPM was 4.1/100ml in Udong, 8.6/100 ml in Suyeong, 8.1/100 ml in Jenpodong, 6.1/100 ml in Daesindong and Dongrae, 8.7/100 ml in Yeongdo, 7.1/100 ml in Mangmidong, 6.5/100 ml in Yeonsandong, 9.1/100 ml in Sungjigog, 3.0/100 ml in Gammandong and 7.6/100 ml in Gupo. The seasonal difference of total coliform showed much more contamination in June or July when there were more climers than in December though it was caused by the rise of loafer temperature. With 50 percentile of total coliform MPN July was about 30 times higher than December for July was 163.5/100 ml and December 5.3/100 ml, Particularly, June was about 1.3 times higher than July in contamination because of a sudden increase of people using it. Composition of coliform was $7.64\%$ Escherichia coli, group, $42.86\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $16.78\%$ Klebsiella aerogenes group and $32.72\%$ others. Plate count of samples was varied from 48 to $4.4{\times10}^2/ml$ during the study period.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.3 s.49
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• pp.100-109
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• 2003

Recently, Indoor air quality(IAQ) in workplace, residential environments and schools has been concern of people, scientists and related the public. And so in Seoul has recognized the healthy effect related to IAQ in schools. Therefore, the objective of this study reported in this article were to measure and compare the perception of IAQ of selected air pollutants at three different schools in Seoul. We performed a questionnaire survey of 400 students about their awareness for the importance of IAQ in our school. And we measured the IAQ of 3 schools considering as site region, construction year and studying level. The indoor air pollutants and parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, respirable particulate matter(PM10), formaldehyde(HCHO), total bacteria counts(TBC), carbon dioxide(CO$_2$), and noise were monitored in indoors. In results, all most response of occupant has recognized the awareness of IAQ at schools. The PMIO, TBC and Noise level of all schools were higher than the standard of the public 150 ${mu}$g/m$^3$ and 500CFU/m$^3$, the level formaldehyde(HCHO) was below 0.1 ppm of the healthy guideline of Korea And the concentration of CO$_2$ were investigated below 1,000 ppm of the standard implying ventilation in 2 schools except for 1 school(c school). Finally, the control of most important pollutants of IAQ in school were PM10, TBC and Noise. Therefore, it can be concluded that the indoor air quality of selected 3 schools studied was perceived as acceptable, it is recommended that the government related IAQ was suggested the guideline and control of IAQ problems in schools, and all member relating school need to be effort to reduce the exposure of sources to undesirable indoor pollutants such as Particlate and Noise.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.262-268
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• 1996

In Korea, the health authorities and food industry emphasize the need of sanitary food production, which in mainly resulted from the recent growing of consumer's interest in the safety of food. For the reason, development of a new alternative technology to chemicals, currently used for decontamination and disinfestation, has become and urgent task in the domestic and worldwide food industry. Furthermore, the improvement of quality and manufacturing process of processed food is a requisite for winning the competition in export fields. Irradiation technology being practically applicable in the food industry has been well established on the basis of more than 40 years of R&D work in the fields of the increasing availability of food-stuffs, sanitary food production and quarantine treatment in the food trade. The wholesomeness of irradiation foods has been officially approved in 38 countries, of which 30 countries are commercially utilizing food irradiation technology. The first commercial irradiator in Korea(18.5PBq:500k{TEX}$Ci^{60}${/TEX} Co, max. cap; 4MCi) was established at Yeoju-gur, Kyung Ki-do with the technical assistance of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute in June 1987. As of 1996, thirteen irradiated food groups (over 25 items)have been domestically approved for human consumption and an industrial irradiation facility is also available. However, the domestically approved for human consumption and an industrial irradiation facility is also available. However, the promotion of consumer acceptance to toward ir-radiated foods is considered as a confronted subject to be studied for a commercial utilization.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.50-56
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• 2000

In this study, sewage were treated with operating Two-step Aeration System and conventional activated sludge process together in a condition. At the same HRT 8hr of Two-step Aeration System and Activated Sludge Process, BOD treatment efficiency of 1st sedimentation basin effluent 36.9% by Two-step Aeration system was 12.3% higher than 24.65 by Activated Sludge Process and the COD treatment efficiency 39.8% by two-step Aeration System was 11.6.3% higher than 28.2% by Activated Sludge Process. BOD and COD treatment efficiencies of 2nd sedimentation basin effluent were 88.1% and 85.6% Two-step Aeration System and were 83.8% and 82.3% Activated Sludge Process. In the first treatment, as BOD was relatively removed a lot, F/M ratio 0.17, $0.21{\cdot}BOD/kg{\cdot}MLSS.d$ was maintained by Activated Sludge Process. Therefore it was proved that organic matter treatment efficiency by Two-step Aeration System os Higher than by Activated Sludge Process in a aeration time 8hr. $NH_4^{+}-N$ treatment efficiencies were 55.5% by Two-step Aeration System and 39.75 by Activated sludge Process. $NO_3^{-}-N$ concentration in 2nd. sedimentation basin effluent were 3.33% by Two-step Aeration System and 2.36% by Activated Sludge Process. From this result, Two-step Aeration System was proved more advantageous treatment process for nitrification than Activated Sludge Process. The fluctuation range of BOD, COD and SS concentration in 2nd sedimentation basin effluent $16~33mg/{\ell}$, $15~23mg/{\ell}$ and $14~22mg/{\ell}$ by Two-step Aeration System was smaller than $16~57mg/{\ell}$, $15~25mg/{\ell}$ by Activated sludge Process. Overall the fluctuation range in 2nd sediment basin effluent by was smaller than by Activated Sludge Process. As a result, it is possible for this Two-step Aeration with no facility investment and a little of operation condition change in a conventional sewage treatment plant to get stability and nitrification of treatment water quality.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.18 no.3 s.49
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• pp.89-99
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• 2003

This study is peformed to examine the relationship between air pollution exposure and mortality in Incheon for the years of 1998 - 2001. Daily counts of death were analyzed by general additive Poisson model, with adjustment for effects of seasonal trend, air temperature, humidity, and day of the week as confounders in a nonparametric approach. Daily death counts were associated with CO(1 day before), O$_3$(2 day before), PM$_{10}$(1 day before), NO$_2$(1day before), SO$_2$(1 day before). Increase of 32.21 ${\mu}$g/m$^3$(interquartile range) in PM$_{10}$ was associated with 1.9 % (95% CI = 0.8 % - 2.9 %) increase in the daily number of death. This effect was greater in children(less than 15 aged) and elderly(more than 65 aged). We concluded that Incheon had 2 - 4 % increase in mortality in association with IQR in air pollutants. Daily variations in air pollution within the range currently occurring in Incheon might have an adverse effect on daily mortality. These findings also support the hypothesis that air pollution, at levels below the current ambient air quality standards of Korea, is harmful to sensitive subjects, such as children or elderly.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.347-358
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• 2010

As life gets richer along with social development, the interest in composure of life and in quality of life gets higher. According to this, a concept on bathroom, which had been simply physiological sanitary space before, is being gradually changed, thereby being reborn as space of charging vitality of life and of realizing own desire. As these consumers' new desire is emerged, it is being highlighted the behavior of being made in space now called 'bathroom', the requirements for this space, and the interest in what aims to be pursued. However, current Korean people have different bathroom behavior such as using outside bathtub or filling a washbasin with water unlike the center on stand-up shower in the West, thereby having inconvenience. Accordingly, when bathroom is designed that reflects Korean people's bathroom behavior, the satisfaction with using bathroom will be able to be enhanced. This study aims to increase the use satisfaction with bathroom space, to survey Korean people's situations of using bathroom, the inconvenience in using, and the general emotion, and to elicit requirements for bathroom users and basic design guidelines available for reflecting the health in planning bathroom space, the space of solving sanitary problem, and the modern people's physical features and lifestyle.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 1986

The guidelines and regulations that have revised by World Health Organization, the United States of America, Canada and Japan were reviewed for standards relevant to health of the people. The substances and parameters were discussed. Various standards were presented and recent changes in policies were relighted with their scientific information.