• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.277-285
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• 2014

The usage of efficient microorganism (EM) is increasing in concern for server purposes including odor removal during carcasses degradation. In this study, we have studied the type of soil and its effect on efficient microorganisms for the removal of odorous gases during buried carcasses degradation in lab-scale reactor. The carcasses are buried in the reactor with various soil types such as normal soil, 20% sandy and 20% clay soil with the efficient microorganism KEM. The efficient microorganisms KEM have the ability to stabilize the degradation of carcasses of the burial site. We have focused on the analysis of odorous gases such tri-methylamine (TMA), hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), methyl mercaptan (MM), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), and methane ($CH_4$) along with the changes of microbial community changed during complete degradation of buried carcasses for a year. The results suggested that the 20% sandy soil contain lesser level of $H_2S$ and MM (0.09 and 0.35 mg) but 20% clay has higher nitrogen compound removing effect and leave only less amount of ammonia and TMA (0.31 and 2.06 mg). The 20% sandy soil also has the ability to breakdown the carcasses more quality compared with other types of soil. Based on the data obtained in this study suggesting that, the use of 20% sandy soil can effectively control sulfur compounds whereas 20% clay soil controls nitrogen compounds in the buried soil. Depending on the type of the soil, the dominant of microbial communities and the distribution was change.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.166-171
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Nitrogen leaching depends on the drainage pattern and nitrate content, and those are influenced by soil hydraulic properties and fertility. The purpose of this study was to confirm how soil texture contributed to leaching and balance of nitrogen, as well as to drainage. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was performed using undisturbed weighing lysimeters which were piled up with clay loam (Songjung series) and sandy loam (Sanju series) soils in National Institute of Agricultural Science experimental field. Chinese cabbage was cultivated from August 30 to October 31, 2017. The application rates of N, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ were 21.5, 7.8, and $15.0kg\;10a^{-1}$, respectively, and irrigation was supplied at -33 kPa in 30 cm soil depth. Drainage in clay loam was not noticeable, although it was increased by rainfall in early September. By contrast, the trend of drainage in sandy loam was strongly dependent upon rainfall pattern. Owing to different drainage patterns between both soil textures, nitrogen leaching was 5-fold higher in sandy loam than in clay loam. Nitrogen use efficiencies in clay loam and sandy loam were represented as 43% and 52%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The pattern of drainage and nitrogen leaching were greatly depended on clay content in soil. From this study, we carefully suggest that soil texture should be considered as an incidental factor to estimate nitrogen balance.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.337-342
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• 1984

224 profiles representing 19 soil series were subjected to multiple regresion analysis to determine the relative contribution of organic matter(OM) and clay content to total cation exchange capacity(CEC) in sandy soil. The independent variables were OM and clay, with the dependent variable CEC. Simple correlation coefficients showed high significance at CEC-OM and CEC-clay. The partial regression coefficients indicated that CEC for each gram of OM was calculated to be 0.549 and 1.351 meq of top and subsoil. The clay contributions of top and subsoil were 0.247 and 0.226 meq, respectively. The standard partial regression coefficients appeared that clay content was 1.23 times as important as orgnic matter in predicting CEC.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2008

The tillage depth control system is one of the most salient control system of tractor implements. A contact-type height sensor was developed to measure ground clearance for the tillage depth control. The height sensor was fabricated in this study, and its efficacy in a tillage depth control system was evaluated. Experiments were conducted in order to determine both static and dynamic detection characteristics of the height sensor using soil bin system on the sampled soil (sandy loam, sand, clay loam). The results of the static detection characteristics showed that in the case, sandy loam soil despite and clay loam soil at a wet basis moisture content of 30%, large measurement errors were observed a due to penetration of a plastic puck into the sampled soil. The results of the dynamic detection characteristics showed that the height sensor detected the distance from the ground of sandy loam soil despite the uneven nature of the ground surface and the changes in traveling speed $1km/h{\sim}5km/h$ at a wet basis moisture content of 10%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.362-367
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• 1998

To investigate the effects of simulated acid rain(SAR) on the downward movement of mineral nutrients, SARs of different pH were applied to the soil. SAR of pH 2.0 decreased the soil pH greatly, while SAR of pH 4.0 and 6.0 did not change the soil pH to compare to that of SAR of pH 2.0. Decrease in soil pH was in the order of sandy loam > loam > clay loam. The amoumt of leached exchangeable and soluble bases from the soil due to the penetration of SAR was in the order of Ca >Mg > K. After application of 1200mm SAR of pH 2.0 in to the soil downward mean movements of the exchangeable and soluble bases was in the order of Mg > Ca > K in sandy loam and loam soil and Ca > Mg > K in clay loam soil. Downward movements of the those bases under pH 4.0 into the soil was in the order of Mg > K > Ca in sandy loam and clay loam, and K > Mg > Ca in loam soil. Available phosphorus moved slightly downward with increasing acidity of the SAR.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 1995

The variations of the soil texture, $SiO_2$ /$Al_2$$O_3$ ratio, buffer action, exchangeable base, ex-changeable hydrogen, and mineral nutrients were investigated to estimate the grade of the soil fertility of the soil derived from the different parent rocks such as the granite in Kwangnung and the basalt in Chejudo. The results investigated were showed as follows : Basalt soils in Chejudo belong to sandy clay, light clay and sandy clay loam, while gramite soils in Kwangnung sandy loam. The $SiO_2$ /$AI_2$$O_3$ ratio of the grassland in Chejudo was 1.11 and that of the oak forest soils was 1.24, while granite soils in Kwangnung 1.54 and 1.46, respectively. The buffer actions of ba-salt soils against the N /10 HCI and $Ca(OH)_2$ were stronger than those of granite soils. The $SiO_2$/$Al_2$$O_3$ + $Fe_2$$O_3$ ratios of grassland and oak forest soils of basalt in Chejudo showed 1.10 and 1.24 respectively, while those of the grassland and oak forest of Kwangnung 1.44 and 1.33. The base exchange capacity of basalt soils which has higher value of exchangeable hydrogen was stronger than that of granite soils. But the base saturation of granite soils showed higher value than that of basalt soils. Water contents of basalt soils in Chejudo was lower than that of granite soils fo Kwangnung Basalt soils in Chejudo contain still more humus and total nitrogen than gran-ite soils in kwangnung, The amount of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium of granite soils were more than that of basalt soils, Therefore, estimating the soil fertility, granite soils in Kwangnung is higher than that of basalt soils in Chejudo.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of compost application on the soil loss and physico-chemical properties at the slope land from 1990 to 1991. Lysimeters with 15% slope. 5m slope length. 2m width and 1.2m depth were constructed in 1984 and filled with sandy loam, loam, clay loam. and clay soils. Treatments were bare soil, compost(1.5ton/10a) and non-compost with soybean-barley cropping system from 1984. Losses of soil were increased with the order of sandy loam, clay, loam and clay loam. Run-off was increased with the order of sandy loam, loam, clay loam and clay, but leachate was decreased with the same order. Compost treatments decreased 33.6-44.6% of soil loss and 17.0-24.0% of run-off but increased 17.1-33.7.% of leachate as compared with the non-compost treatments. The amount of soil loss was positively correlated with the amount of run-off by Y = 12.125+0.063X (r=$0.970^{**}$)and negatively correlated with the leachate by Y=43.425-0.096X(r=$-0.917^{**}$). The application of compost increased soil pH, OM, CEC and extractable cations. Application of compost decreased bulk density but increased porosity, water stable aggregate and available water. These results provide that the compost application plays an important role in conserving soil and water, and improving soil physico-chemical properties.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of some soil conditioners, such as polyacrylamide(PAM), polyvinylalcohol(PVA) and Bitumen emulsion, on aggregate formation and stability, wetting angle, sorptivity and penetrability of the soil with different textures : sand, sandy loam, loam and clay loam. A pot experiment was carried out to find out the effect of treatment on the germination and growth of lettuce with three textures : sand, sandy loam and silt loam. Soil aggregates larger than 2mm in untreated soils at dry condition were naught in sand, 45% in sandy loam, 80% in loam and 90% in clay loam. Treatments of soil conditioners tended to increase the occurrence of soil aggregate larger than 2mm, which were 20~25% in sand, 55~75% sandy loam, but not affected greatly aggragate occurence in loam and clay loam. The aggregate instability was decreased by the soil conditioner treatment. The wetting angles of the soils were greatly changed by hydrophobic of Bitumen, but those were changed slightly by PVA and PAM application. The sorptivity and penetrability data indicated that the effects of different materials on these parameters differed depending upon soil texture. Application of PVA and PAM were no effect exceptive in sand. Application of Bitumen revealed that water movement was not showed in all soils. The germination rate, root weight and top plant weight of lettuce were increased in all soils by PAM treatment as compared to untreated soils. Particularly the greater effect was occurred in sand soil than in sandy loam and silt loam. PAM increased greatly the moisture content and air phase of soils.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.338-347
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigation of the decomposition characteristics in a pilot-scale burial site of livestock in three kinds of typical soils in Korea: sandy loam soil, clay loam soil, and sandy soil. In this study, we confirmed that most of the animals in the condition were decomposed within three years as mentioned in the "Livestock burial regional environmental research guidelines." We also determined that the decomposition rate of dead cows was higher than that of dead pigs, and that the biodegradation rate depends on the soil types in the following order: sandy soil > clay loam soil > sandy loam soil. The various external environment factors, such as temperature, moisture, pH, earthiness, nutrient, and the burial depth, should be managed properly for appropriate decomposition of dead animals.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.124-130
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• 1985

Adsorption experiments of N-methylcarbamate insecticides on soils were carried out as a function of soil pH ana soil organic matter content with wet-and dry-land soils that were either oxidized or non-oxidized. The results obtained may be summarized as follows: The adsorption of N-methylcarbamate insecticides on soils was nearly leached to equilibrium after shaking for 12 hours. The adsorption of N-methylcarbamate insecticides was higher on sandy clay than sandy loam. The presence of organic matter in soil increased the adsorption of N-methrlcarbamate insecticides on soils. The mode of isothermal adsorption of N-methylcarbamate insecticides on soils was coincident with the Freundlich equation. Little effect of soil pH on the adsorption might be interpreted as that the adsorption was due to physical adsorption between N-methylcarbamate molecules and soil surface.