• 제목/요약/키워드: sample rate

검색결과 3,367건 처리시간 0.031초

축산식품 중 전처리 방법에 따른 식중독균 회수율 분석 (Analysis of the Recovery Rate of Food-borne Pathogens according to Sample Preparation Methods in Animal Origin Foods)

  • 김종희;김현욱;함준상;김부민;오미화
    • 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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    • 제31권6호
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    • pp.406-413
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구는 축산식품으로부터 식중독균 검출을 위한 시료 전처리법을 확립하기 위해 전처리용액, 균질화 시간, 시료와 전처리용액의 비율에 따른 회수율을 비교하였다. 이를 위하여 햄, 발효유, 소고기에 E. coli O157:H7, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium를 7.0 log CFU/g로 접종하고 PW, SS, BPD, BPW로 처리하였다. 또한 균질화 시간은 30, 60, 90, 120, 300초, 시료와 전처리용액 비율은 1:2, 1:4, 1:9, 1:19로 각각 처리하였다. 그 결과 발효유와 소고기에서는 BPW로 처리하였을 때 전반적으로 식중독균의 회수율이 높았으나(p < 0.05), 햄의 경우에는 전처리 용액에 따른 유의적 차이는 없다. 전처리용액의 최적 비율은 햄, 발효유, 소고기가 각각 1:9, 1:2, 1:4였으며(p < 0.05), 균질화 시간은 모든 시료에서 120초로 처리했을 때 유의적으로 가장 높은 회수율이 나타났다(p < 0.05). 따라서 선정된 최적 전처리 조건에서 식중독균 회수율을 수행한 결과 모든 시료 및 균종에서 85%이상의 높은 회수율을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 축산식품으로부터 식중독균 검출을 위한 전처리 용액 및 시료와 전처리용액의 비율은 시료의 종류에 따라 적절한 것으로 사용하는 것이 식중독균 검출의 정확성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단되어진다.

자동차 내장재의 화재위험성에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Fire Risk of Car Interior Materials)

  • 이해평;김영탁
    • 한국화재소방학회논문지
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.82-88
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    • 2010
  • 본 연구에서는 자동차 내장재에 적용되고 있는 플라스틱 합성물질의 화재위험성을 알아보기 위하여 콘칼로리미터를 이용한 열방출특성, 연기밀도시험기를 이용한 연기발생특성 및 독성지수시험기를 이용한 유 독성을 측정하였다. 자동차 내장재를 구성하고 있는 주요 부위별로 3종류씩 총 12개의 시편을 준비하여 실험하였다. 콘칼로리미터 실험결과, PVC sheet 및 PVC leather가 약 2초의 가장 빠른 착화시간을 보였으며, 12개의 시편 중 8개의 시편이 10초 이내의 착화시간을 나타냈다. 최대열방출률은 232~635$kW/m^2$ 정도로서 나일론과 PE로 구성된 플로우매트가 $635kW/m^2$의 가장 큰 최대열방출률을 보였다. Rubber로 구성된 보조매트는 최대열방출률은 가장 낮았지만 총열방출은 가장 큰 값을 보였다. 연기밀도시험기 실험 결과, rubber로 구성된 보조매트는 약 924의 가장 큰 연기밀도값을 보였으며, 초기연기발생량을 확인할수 있는 VOF4값은 PVC leather로 구성된 시트가 가장 큰 값을 나타냈다. 독성지수시험기 실험결과, 대부분의 시편에서 이산화탄소의 치사농도를 초과하였고, PVC를 포함하고 있는 시편에서 염화수소 및 브롬화수소의 검출수치가 비교적 높게 나타났으며, 치사농도를 초과하였다. 13가지 특정가스의 치사농도와 발생농도를 이용한 독성지수는 PVC sheet가 상대적으로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 모든 시편의 독성지수 1을 초과하는 결과를 보였다.

$Fe_{0.8}Co_{0.18}(BN_{0.02}$의 열처리 및 소성변형에 의한 결정구조와 자기적 성질 (The Crystallographic and Magnetic Properties of $Fe_{0.8}Co_{0.18}(BN_{0.02}$ Synthesized by Heat Treatment and Plastic Deformation)

  • 김정기;한경훈;이상문;정재윤;김예니;신경호
    • 한국자기학회지
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    • 제10권5호
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    • pp.225-231
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    • 2000
  • F $e_{0.8}$ $Co_{0.18}$(BN)$_{0.02}$의 구조와 자기적성질은 최대출력 3.5 kW인 고주파에 의한 아르곤 플라즈마 분위기에서 제작되었고, 제작된 시료는 상온에서의 X선 회절과 진동시료자력계를 이용한 자기이력곡선 측정 방법에 의해서 조사하였다. 시료는 수압기로 9,000 N/$cm^3$기 압력을 가하여 알약형태 제작하여 열처리와 가공처리를 네단계로 수행하였다. 첫 번째 단계에 의해서 준비된 시료의 X선 회절결과는 결정구조는 균질이며 각 시료는 동일한 결정구조를 갖는 단일결정상(single crystal phase)이며. 최종 900 $^{\circ}C$ 열처리를 통해서 시료내부에 존재하는 잔류응력이 제거된다. 롤링율과 열처리온도를 증가함으로써, 포화자화와 잔류자화는 증가하고, 보자력은 감소하는 한다. 잔류자화는 열처리에 의한 효과보다는 롤링율 과 방향에 의해서 변화의 폭이 크다. 또한 보자력은 롤링율과 방향 뿐만 아니라 열처리온도에 의해서도 영향을 받는다. 이 결과로서 롤링과 열처리효과에 의해서 시료내부에 존재하는 개재물과 잔류음력이 제거되어 자벽이동이 용이해졌음을 의미하며, 또한 롤링에 의해서 동족원자쌍 생성되어 롤링방향에 평행한 국부 유도자화용이축이 생성되었음을 의미한다.다.다.

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A Method for Determining Dead Times of a G.M. Defector as a Function of the Count Rate

  • Ro, Seung-Gy
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제3권1호
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    • pp.3-7
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    • 1971
  • $Mn^{56}$ 방사성 물질을 이용하여 방사능 측정계수율에 따라 변화되는 한 가이가 검출기의 불감시간을 결정하는 방법을 탐구하였다. (equation omitted)는 이 검출기의 불감시간과 방사능 측정계수율과의 한 관계를 결정 할 수 있는 유용한 공식으로 생각되었다. 여기에서 (equation omitted)(N$_1$)는 방사능 측정계수율 N$_1$에 대한 불감시간이며 N$_1$은 첫 측정시각(이 시각을 0시로 잡는다)에서 방사능측정계수율이고 Nt는 첫 측정시각으로부터 t라는 시간후에 얻어진 계수율이며 λ는 방사능 붕괴상수이고 t는 두 측정시각의 시간차를 의미한다. 이 공식에 의하여 얻어진 불감시간에 따라 모든 방사능 측정자료를 교정하고 시간에 따른 그 계수율의 변화를 관찰한 결과 이미 보고된 $Mn^{56}$ 방사능 붕괴형식을 잘따르고 있음을 보여 주었다. 한편 이 공식을 이용한 결과를 보면 방사능 계수율 대 불감시간과의 관계로부터 얻은 불감시간은 방사능 측정계수율이 증가함에 따라 감소현상을 나타냈다.

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모델 시스템에서 동결속도에 따른 얼음 결정체의 크기 및 동결건조속도의 변화 (Influence of Freezing Process on the Change of Ice Crystal Size and Freeze-Drying Rate in a Model System)

  • 변명희;최미정;이성;민상기
    • 한국축산식품학회지
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.164-175
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    • 1998
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of freezing rate on ice crystal size and freeze-drying rate. Our experiments were carried out with self-manufactured freeze-dryer. Gelatin gels (2% w / w, 80$\times$20mm) were frozen unidirectionally (Neumann's model) from the bottom at -45, -30, -20, and -15$^{\circ}C$ and followed with freeze-drying. Under the upper conditions we measured freezing rate and the change of temperature and pressure during freeze drying. Freeze-dried gelatins were cut horizontally into 5 mm thickness from the bottom and measured their pore sizes. Also freeze-drying rate(primary drying) is estimated by measuring the temperature of sample and pressure of vacuum chamber. During freeze-drying, profiles of pressure and temperature were shown constant tendency regardless of freezing temperature and we could expect the end-point of freeze drying by considering pressure and temperature together. In temperature profiles, the point which temperature increased significantly was observed during freeze-drying. There is no relationship between freeze temperature and drying rate of primary drying in our model system. As freezing temperature increased, ice crystal size(X*) which correspond to 63.2% of cumulative frequency was increased and at the same freezing temperature ice crystal size(X*) was decreased with distance from the bottom of the sample. Freezing conditions have a strong influence on the quality of the final freeze-dried products in freeze-drying system.

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The Effect of Coating Thickness on the Electrochemical Properties of a Li-La-Ti-O-coated Li[Ni0.3Co0.4Mn0.3]O2 Cathode

  • Lee, Hye-Jin;Park, Yong-Joon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제31권11호
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    • pp.3233-3237
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    • 2010
  • A $Li[Ni_{0.3}Co_{0.4}Mn_{0.3}]O_2$ cathode was modified by coating with Li-La-Ti-O, and the effect of the coating thickness on their electrochemical properties was studied. The thickness of the coating on the surface of $Li[Ni_{0.3}Co_{0.4}Mn_{0.3}]O_2$ was increased by increasing the wt % of the coating material. The rate capability of the Li-La-Ti-O-coated electrode was superior to that of the pristine sample. 1- and 2-wt %-coated samples showed considerable improvement in capacity retention at high C rates. However, the rate capability of a 5-wt %-coated sample decreased. All the coated samples showed a high discharge capacity and slightly improved cyclic performance under a high cut-off voltage (4.8 V) condition. Results of a storage test confirmed that the Li-La-Ti-O coating layer was effective in suppressing the dissolution of the transition metals as it offered protection from the attack of the acidic electrolyte. In particular, the 2- and 5-wt %-coated samples showed a better protection effect than the 1-wt %-coated sample.

데이터마이닝 기법을 이용한 전공이탈자 예측모형 (Predicting Model of Students Leaving Their Majors Using Data Mining Technique)

  • 임영문;유창현
    • 대한안전경영과학회지
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    • 제8권5호
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    • pp.17-25
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    • 2006
  • Nowadays most colleges are confronting with a serious problem because many students have left their majors at the colleges. In order to make a countermeasure for reducing major separation rate, many universities are trying to find a proper solution. As a similar endeavor, the objective of this paper Is to find a predicting model of students leaving their majors. The sample for this study was chosen from a university in Kangwon-Do during seven years(2000.3.1 $\sim$ 2006. 6.30). In this study, the ratio of training sample versus testing sample among partition data was controlled as 50% : 50% for a validation test of data division. Also, this study provides values about accuracy, sensitivity, specificity about three kinds of algorithms including CHAID, CART and C4.5. In addition, ROC chart and gains chart were used for classification of students leaving their majors. The analysis results were very informative since those enable us to know the most important factors such as semester taking a course, grade on cultural subjects, scholarship, grade on majors, and total completion of courses which can affect students leaving their majors.

The Effects of LaF3 Coating on the Electrochemical Property of Li[Ni0.3Co0.4Mn0.3]O2 Cathode Material

  • Yun, Su-Hyun;Kim, Seuk-Buom;Park, Yong-Joon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제30권11호
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    • pp.2584-2588
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    • 2009
  • The effect of $LaF_3$ coating on the structural and electrochemical properties of $Li[Ni_{0.3}Co_{0.4}Mn_{0.3}]O_{2}$ cathodes was investigated using XRD, SEM, TEM, and a cycler. The coating layer consisted of nano-sized particles attached nonuniformly to the surface of pristine powder. Despite the surface coating treatment, phase difference by $LaF_3$ coating was not detected. The discharge capacities of coated electrodes were a little lower than that of pristine sample at a 1 C rate. However, as the C rate increases, the capacity retention of the coated sample becomes obviously superior to that of the pristine sample. The cyclic performances of the electrodes in the voltage range of 4.8 $\sim$ 3.0 V were also improved by the surface coating. Such enhancement is attributed to the presence of the $LaF_3$ coating layer, which effectively suppressd the reaction between electrodes and electrolytes on the surface of the $Li[Ni_{0.3}Co_{0.4}Mn_{0.3}]O_{2}$ electrode.

Reaction Kinetics with Hydrogen and Temperature Dependence of the Hydriding Rate for a Magnesium-Based Nickel Iron Oxide Alloy

  • Song, Myoung Youp;Baek, Sung Hwan;Park, Hye Ryoung
    • 대한금속재료학회지
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    • 제50권6호
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    • pp.463-468
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    • 2012
  • A 71.5 wt%Mg-23.5 wt%Ni-5 wt%$Fe_2O_3$ (Mg-23.5Ni-$5Fe_2O_3$) sample was prepared by a quite simple process, reactive mechanical grinding, and its hydriding and dehydriding properties were then investigated. The reactive mechanical grinding of Mg with Ni and $Fe_2O_3$ is considered to facilitate nucleation and shorten the diffusion distances of the hydrogen atoms. After the hydriding-dehydriding cycling, the Mg-23.5Ni-$5Fe_2O_3$ sample contained $Mg_2Ni$ phase. Expansion and contraction of the hydride-forming materials (Mg and $Mg_2Ni$) with the hydriding and dehydriding reactions are also considered to increase the hydriding and dehydriding rates of the mixture by forming defects and cracks leading to the fragmentation of the particles. The temperature dependence of the hydriding rate of the sample is discussed.

Study on the Effect of Discrepancy of Training Sample Population in Neural Network Classification

  • Lee, Sang-Hoon;Kim, Kwang-Eun
    • 대한원격탐사학회지
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.155-162
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    • 2002
  • Neural networks have been focused on as a robust classifier for the remotely sensed imagery due to its statistical independency and teaming ability. Also the artificial neural networks have been reported to be more tolerant to noise and missing data. However, unlike the conventional statistical classifiers which use the statistical parameters for the classification, a neural network classifier uses individual training sample in teaming stage. The training performance of a neural network is know to be very sensitive to the discrepancy of the number of the training samples of each class. In this paper, the effect of the population discrepancy of training samples of each class was analyzed with three layered feed forward network. And a method for reducing the effect was proposed and experimented with Landsat TM image. The results showed that the effect of the training sample size discrepancy should be carefully considered for faster and more accurate training of the network. Also, it was found that the proposed method which makes teaming rate as a function of the number of training samples in each class resulted in faster and more accurate training of the network.