• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.925-928
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• 1999

The process of transcription is the major point at which gene expression is regulated. The jun and fos families of eukaryotic transcription factor heterodimerize to form complexes capable of binding 5'-TGAGTCA-3'DNA elements (AP-1 binding site). To search for the inhibitors of the jun-fos-DNA complex formation, several natural products extracts were screened and methanol extract of tanshen (the dried roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) showed remarkable inhibitory activity. The active compounds of the extracts were purified using re-peated column chromatography and recrystallization. Their structures were identified as tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA. Through the electrophoresis mobility shift assay and cell cytotoxicity test, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA were identified as inhibitors that suppress not only AP-1 function but also the cell proliferation. Tanshinone I also suppressed the jun-fos-DNA complex formation in TPA-induced NIH 3T3 cells.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.108.1-108.1
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of Sungkangwon (Astragalus membranaceus Bunge + Pueraria lobata Ohwi + Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) on fatty liver induced by alcohol diet. Rats were either fed control diet or alcohol diet. On 6 weeks, alcohol group were randomly assigned to groups as follows; supplemented without SKW and with SKW (.033g/kg, 1g/kg, and 3g/kg). all of five groups were fed the chow diet for 4 weeks. After 6 weeks. the blood and liver concentration of TG and total-C is comparably high in alcohol group. (omitted)

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 2020

As Korea became the aged society, people pay more attention to their health and disease prevention. For a better and healthy aging, it is even more important for active seniors to manage their health. The development of functional ingredients targeted for active seniors, which may improve cardiovascular and menopausal women's health, and their certification as individually recognized functional materials could serve as a new growth engine for the functional foods industry as well as contribute to the improvement of public health.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.317-343
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• 1977

This study was carried out to obtain the informations about evaporation from pot, soil temperature and soil atmosphere composition in pot, and the effect on the growth of nine ornamental species using seven different containers. The investigated containers were clay pot(CP), clay pot painted in green(CP-P), varnished clay pot(CP-V), polyethylene film inserting in clay pot(CP-PI), clay pot mulched with black polyethylene film(CP-PM), porcelain pot(POP), and plastic pot(PLP). Nine ornamental species were balsam(Impatiens balsamina), chrysanthemum(Chrysanthemum morifolium), cosmos(Cosmos bipinatus), English ivy(Hedera helix), geranium(Pelargonium zonale), kochia(Kochia scoparia var. trichophila), marigold(Tagetes patula), ornamental kale(Brassica oleraceae var. acephala), and salvia (Salvia splendens). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Dry weight of all tested species grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V and CP-PI was heavier than that of CP. 2. Plant height in nine tested species grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V, and CP-PI was taller than that of CP. 3. Geranium grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, and CP-V gave more number of leaf than that of CP. 4. The number of flower in balsam grown in PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V and CP-PI was more than that of CP. The result from marigold was very similar to this tendency. Spike length and floret number in salvia gave the same tendency, but its spike number was not different among containers used. 5. The average diurnal evaporation from PLP and POP was about 43% of that of CP. About two third of total evaporation from CP was through pot wall. 6. The evaporation rate from the slowest to the highest was PLP, POP, CP-P, CP-V, CP-PI, CP-PM and CP. Containers inhibiting evaporation through pot wall hold more soil moisture than CP from one day after water supply. 7. The more evaporative water-loss from containers gave the lower soil temperature. The variation of soil temperature among containers was higher during the day than the night. 8. The $O_2$ concentration of soil atmosphere in CP was higher than that of nonporous containers, and the difference between them was 0.40-1.12%. The range of the $O_2$ concentration 17.95~19.62%. The $CO_2$ concentration of soil atmosphere in CP was lower than that of nonporous containers, and its range was 0.59-1.76%. This deviation in soil atmosphere composition did not influenced on the growth of plants. 9. There was a possitive correlation between the amount of soil water and the plant growth. 10. Plant grown on CP gave more total nitrogen content in top growth than that on PLP. C/N ratio was somewhat low in plant on CP. From the above results, $O_2$ and $CO_2$ concentration in soil atmosphere did not gave enough deviation to the extent which affect the plant growth. The effect of soil moisture on the plant growth using different containers was the far-most significant factor from this investigation. Therefore, it was obious that the utilization of the nonporous container might save the cost for water supply and reduce the production cost of the pot-grown ornamental plant in Korea eventually.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 1988

Contents of total lipids, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids of seed oils of 16 species of the Labiatae family were determined and their fatty acid compositions were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Lipid contents of seeds were shown to be 40.6％ in Perilla frutescens Britton var. japonica, 32.2％ in P. frutescens britton var. acuta, 31.9％ in lsodon japonicus, 32.7% in l. inflexus, 48.3％ in l. serra, 35.1％ in Mosls dianthera, 38.2％ in M. punctulata, 33.4％ in Nepeta cataria, 26.3％ in Agastache rugosa, 30.9％ in Eisholtzia ciliata, 18.9％ in Salvia splendens, 23.9％ in Lycopus maackianus, 49.5％ in Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum, 30.9％ in Ametystea caerulea, 33.1％ in Leonurus sibircus and 34.3％ in Scutellaria basicalensis. 2) Contents of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids from the seed oils amounted to 98.6％, 0.7％, 0.8％ in P. frutescens Britton var. japonica; 95.5％, 1.3％, 3.1％ in P. frutescens Britton var. acuta; 95.1％, 1.8％, 3.1％ in l. japoincus; 91.4％, 3.5％, 5.1％ in l. inflexus; 96.8％, 0.7％, 2.5％ in l, serra; 96.0％, 1.8％, 2.2％ in Mosla dianthera; 94.7％, 2.0％, 3.3％ in M. punctulata; 90.1％, 2.4％, 7.5％ in Nepeta cataria; 90.1％, 3.4％, 6.5％ in Agastache rugosa; 86.3％, 3.3％, 10.4％ in Elsholtzia ciliata; 94.3％, 1.5％, 4.3％ in Salvia splendens; 87.2％, 2.9％, 9.0％ in Lycopus maackianus; 87.0％, 1.5％, 11.5％ in Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum; 91.8％, 1.6％, 6.6％; 95.5％, 0.4％, 4.1％ in Leonurus sibricus; 89.0％, 1.4％, 9.6％ in Scutellaria baicalensis. 3) Total lipids revealed the predominace of unsaturated fatty acids (82.0-94.5％) and larger variations were found in the composition of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (0.4-67.9％) and linoleic acid (11.2-82.9％). High level of ${\alpha}-linoenic$ acid was present in P. frutescens Britton var. japonica (67.9％), P. frutescens Britton var, acuta (66.0％), lsodon japonicus (65.2％), l. inflexus (59.0％), l. serra (57.3％), Mosla dianthera (60.9％), Nepeta cataria (58.3％), Agastache rugosa (58.5％) and Elsholtzia ciliata (46.2％), and followed by linoleic acid (11.2-32.1％) and oleic acid (9.3-12.2％). However, linoleic acid was the most predominant component in the total lipids of Clinopodium chinense var. parviflorum (62.4％), Ametystea caerules (82.9％), Leonurus sibricus (60.9％) and Scutellaria baicalensis (63.4％), with very small amounts of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid (0.4-3.1％). The total lipids of Salvia splendens, Lycopus maackianus and Mosla punctulata also contained linoleic acid of 31.3％, 48.8％ and 53.4％, with a considerable amount of ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid of 34.5％ 27.0％ and 16.7％. Palmitic acid was the major saturated fatty acid in all the oils investigated (4.1-14.2％). 4) Fatty acid profiles of neutral lipids bore a close resemblance to those of total lipids in all the seed oils, but different from those of glycolipids and phospholipids. Fatty acid composition pattern of glycolipids and phospholipids showed a considerably increased level of saturated fatty acids (19.0-66.8％, 17.8-35.2％) mainly composed of palmitic acid and stearic acid, and a noticeable low level of unsaturated fatty acids (41.2-80.9％, 64.7-82.1％) which was ascribed to the decrease in ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid of high ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid seed oils, and in linoleic acid of high linoleic seed oils, compared to that of total lipids and neutral lipids.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.321-331
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• 2009

In this study, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge(Danshen) powder was extracted with ethanol, and its antimicrobial activity was investigated. The ethanol extract of the Danshen had antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zones of the Danshen extract(3 mg/disc) against B. subtilis, E. coli and S. aureus were 13, 12 and 8.5 mm, respectively. To test the food preservation effect of Danshen and determine the optimal ratio of the Danshen extract in a formulation, Sulgidduk samples were prepared with substitutions of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% Danshen extract, and then their quality characteristics were investigated over 4 days of storage. According to the results, total cell counts showed a decreasing trend with an increasing amount of added Danshen extract. Moisture contents were not significantly different among the Sulgidduk samples. As the content of Danshen extract increased, the L-values of samples decreased and the a- and b- values increased. For the textural characteristics, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the Sulgidduk samples decreased as the amount of Danshen extract increased; however, they increased with the progression of storage time. In the sensory evaluation, the control group had significantly higher scores for color, flavor and after-taste as compared to the Danshen extract-added groups. With increasing Danshen extract contents, flavor and overall acceptability decreased, while Danshen flavor, bitterness and off-flavor increased. Chewiness was not significantly different among the samples. In conclusion, the results indicate that substituting 0.5% Danshen extract in Sulgidduk is optimal for quality and provides a product with reasonably high overall acceptability.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.699-707
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• 2015

To improve the utilization of the domestic plant Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), this study investigated changes in the physicochemical qualities of Danshen extracts obtained from low-temperature extraction using the enzymes amylase, cellulase, pectinase, and protease. Changes in the yield, pH, sugar content, and chromaticity were investigated. The changes were found to be highest in the amylase-treated extract with the following values: yield, 58.3%; pH, 6.04; sugar content, $5.97^{\circ}Brix$. With regard to antioxidant properties, Danshen extracts treated with amylase showed the highest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities of 84.25% and 74.11% at 55 ppm. The total phenolic compound content was highest in the group subjected to enzyme treatment at $60^{\circ}C$. The salvianolic acid B level of the Danshen extract was the highest in the amylase-treated group, with a value of 3,002.6 mg/100 g. Cryptotanshinone level was the highest in the amylase- and protease-treated group with a value of 3.8 mg/100 g. Tanshinone I was the highest in the protease-treated group, with a value of 14.2 mg/100 g. The results showed that the indicator components of Danshen were detected as stable in the extracts after using amylase for low-temperature extraction; therefore, it would be possible to use Danshen industrially as a functional ingredient through mass production. Furthermore, the enzyme-treatment extraction could be utilized for a variety of natural products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1667-1678
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• 1999

Certain parts of 190 kinds of medicinal herbs and 171 kinds of original materials of food were extracted by methanol. The extracts were tested their microbial inhibition activities against several food spoilage microorganisms, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. The methanol extracts of Cornus officinalis, Evodia officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Salvia miltiorrhiza. Schizandrae fructus, Coptidis rhizoma, aroma hop and bitter hop were shown inhibitory effect on certain species of gram(+) bacteria. Aroma hop and bitter hop were shown inhibitory effect on certain species of gram(-) bacteria. The methanol extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza exhibited a strong antibacterial activities. It was purified by solvent fractionation, silicagel column chromatography, prep. TLC, prep. HPLC. The purified active substance was identified as cryptotanshinone by EIMS, $1^H-NMR,\;{13}^C-NMR$ and DEPT. Cryptotanshinone showed a strong antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria $(MIC\;:\;3.91{\sim}62.50\;{\mu}g/mL)$. Especially, this compound was the most strong activity against Bacillus subtilis $(MIC\;:\;3.91\;{\mu}g/mL)$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2010

To develop the safe and natural antimicrobial agents, the 68 ethanol extracts from the 61 different kinds of oriental herbal medicine were prepared and their antimicrobial activities were evaluated. The herbal medicine used were from China (46 kinds), South Korea (14 kinds), North Korea (5 kinds) and Vietnam (3 kinds), respectively, and the root (27 species) was popular part in this study. The average water content and extraction ratio for ethanol were 7.10% and 6.75%, respectively. Determination of antimicrobial activity by disc-diffusion assay at 0.5 mg/disc concentration showed that the extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai (china), Illicium verum, Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Syzygium aromaticum has strong antimicrobial activities against different food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Determination of MIC and MBC/MFC further showed that the extract of Syzygium aromaticum has MIC of 1.25 mg/mL and MBC/MFC of 1.25~5.00 mg/mL against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. And, the extract of Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L. and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge showed strong antibacterial activities with MIC of 0.08~0.63 mg/mL and MBC/MFC of 0.08~2.50 mg/mL against the tested bacteria except E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In a while, the results of hemolytic activity of 68 different herbal extracts against human red blood cells showed that the extract of Angelica tenuissima Nakai has hemolytic activity at 0.5 mg/mL concentration. Therefore, Illicium verum, Junci medulla, Rhus javanica L., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Syzygium aromaticum were finally selected for natural antimicrobial resources. Further research on active substances and the mode of action of the selected herbal medicine is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.234-247
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• 2013

This study was carried out to illuminate the floras of vascular plants of Mt. Eungbongsan in Yeongwol-gun. This study was conducted from April to October, 2011. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 89 families, 288 genera, 405 species, 3 subspecies, 43 varieties, and 7 forms, totally 458 taxa. 16 species were endemic to Korea such as Cirsium setidens, Saussurea macrolepis, Salvia chanroenica, Anemone koraiensis, Clematis brachyura, Clematis trichotoma, Populus tomentiglandulosa, Salix dependens, Salix koriyanagi, Chrysosplenium flaviflorum, Philadelphus schrenckii, Lysimachia coreana, Lonicera subsessilis, Weigela subsessilis, Paulownia coreana, and Corydalis maculata. Ten taxa were rare plants as designated by Korea Forest Service such as Anemone koraiensis, Eranthis stellata, Aristolochia contorta, Rodgersia podophylla, Lysimachia coreana, Syringa wolfii, Lloydia triflora, Streptopus ovalis, Salvia chanroenica, and Carpinus tshonoskii. Plants specially designated by the Ministry of Environment in phytogeographic categories totaled 87 taxa including 39 taxa of grade I, 14 taxa of grade II, 19 taxa of grade III, 14 taxa of grade IV and 1 taxon grade V. Naturalized plants consisted of 8 families with 28 taxa that made up 6.1% of the total vascular plants in this area. Naturalized plants have not strongly influenced the Mt. Eungbongsan vegetation.