• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted for comparison of salty taste assessment, salty taste preference, high-salt dietary attitude, and high-salt dietary behavior by stages of behavior change among school-aged children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 1,595 students (1,126 school- aged children, 469 adolescents) from 43 elementary schools and 17 middle and high schools in Daegu were tested using salty taste kits and surveyed using questionnaires on stages of behavior change, high-salt dietary attitude, and behavior. Results: Adolescents showed a significantly higher result for salty taste assessment than school-aged children (p < 0.01). In salty taste assessment, the students of pre-contemplation stage (n = 498) and contemplation stage (n = 686) showed higher scores than students of action stage (n = 351) and maintenance stage (n = 60). Regarding the salty taste preference, students of maintenance stage preferred the lower two samples (0.08%, 0.16%) and students of pre-contemplation stage preferred the higher two samples (0.63%, 1.25%). High-salt dietary attitude scores and dietary behavior scores were highest for students of pre-contemplation stage and were lowest for students of maintenance stage. Conclusion: Salty taste assessment, high-salt dietary attitude, and high-salt dietary behavior were significantly different by stages of behavior change among school-aged children and adolescents. This study suggests the need for examination of the stages of behavior change before nutrition education for effective education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to investigate college students' perception and preference of Korean traditional foods during November in 1994. 493 students in Taejon area were asked to fill out the questionaires. The collected data were analyzed by SAS package. The average height and weight were 173.04 cm, 64.46 kg for male and 161.73 cm, 49.33 kg for female. Students living their own home were 48.8% and self-lodging students were 30.2%. Male have a meal for hunger and female for pleasure (p<0.002). They choose their foods based on the taste (84.6%) and nutrition (8.2%). 85.5% of students prefer Korean traditional foods. Most students think that the Korean traditional foods should be succeeded and developed. However, they want the taste of Korean traditional foods to be changed for their preference. Kimch'i is the most favorate fermented foods. The fermented fish products and jang-atchi are the most unfavorate ones. They don't like too salty taste and strong smell of the Korean fermented foods.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.601-607
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• 2008

This study was examined the preferred temperature and salinity of soup in various demographic groups in order to establish the desirable serving renditions of soup for customers' satisfaction and health. Temperature and salinity were measured in August and November in order to determine the seasonal variation in preference using a digital salinity-temperature measuring device. Four demographic groups totaling 530 were from foodservice establishments in elementary schools(ES: male 68/female 59), middle-high schools(MHS: 62/69), universities(UNIV: 72/67) and companies(COM: 69/64) in Seoul. Various thin or thick soups which are typically served in foodservice establishments were served hot(below $90^{\circ}C$) and warm(below $40^{\circ}C$) in a 50mL portion: salty(1.2%) and less salty(0.4%) at $55{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The preferred salinities and temperatures of the soups were found to be 0.74%, 0.82%, 0.64% and 0.67% and $49.65^{\circ}C$, $54.24^{\circ}C$, $57.56^{\circ}C$, $58.81^{\circ}C$ for the ES, MHS, UNIV and COM groups, respectively. The preferred temperatures of the soups were increased depending on the age, so the positive correlation was shown between temperature and age. However the preferred salinities of soups were not effected. There was no consistent tendency between men and women in temperature. For salinity, men preferred $0.04{\sim}0.12%$ higher than women in the ES, MHS and UNIV groups. There is no consistent tendency between thin and thick soup in temperature. All groups preferred higher salinity in the thick soup than in the thin soup. Most of the customers preferred a higher temperature and higher salinity in November than in August.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

This study was designed to evaluate the nutritional status and dietary problems of obese elementary students consuming unbalanced diets. Blood parameters, body-image perceptions, taste preferences, and nutrient intakes of 40 obese elementary students with unbalanced diets were compared to those of 40 additional obese elementary students as a control. The averages for age, height, weight, and obesity index were 11.5 years, 142.0 cm, 51.0 kg, and 35.4% in the study group and 11.8 years, 144.0 cm, 53.5 kg, and 36.3% in the control group, respectively. The major disliked foods by the students in the study group were vegetables (65%) particularly Kimchi (15%), as well as fish(15%), and pulses (10%). Mean serum cholesterol, blood glucose, GOT/GPT, and hemoglobin levels were 175.1 mg/dL, 89.2 mg/dL, 24.1/18.9 IU/L, and 14.3 g/dL in the study group and 182.8 mg/dL, 91.3 mg/dL, 28.3/33.9 IU/L, and 14.7 g/dL, in the control group, respectively. Approximately 60${\sim}$80% of the subjects responded that they eat a meal everyday, and the remainder skipped at least one meal. The preference for salty tasting foods was significantly lower in the study group, but the preference for hot tasting food was higher as compared to the obese control group(p<0.05, p<0.05). The daily energy intakes of the study and control groups were 1,768.3 kcal and 1,572.7 kcal, respectively, but there was no significant differences between them. Daily intakes of animal protein, fat, animal fat, and vitamin $B_2$ were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group. In conclusion, this study found that obese children consuming unbalanced diets strongly disliked vegetables, particularly Kimchi, as well as hot tasting foods; however, they preferred salty foods. Daily intakes of animal protein and fat were higher in the study group as compared to obese children not consuming unbalanced diets.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.11-26
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to reduce the waste rate of onion peel, which has excellent functionalities, and to promote its industrial utilization. The methodology involved preparing beef jerkies using liquid seasonings with 0% (OPE0), 50% (OPE50) and 100% (OPE100) onion peel extract (OPE) of domestically produced onion, respectively; and assessing their antioxidant activities and quality characteristics. As the amount of added OPE increased, the contents of crude protein and crude ash increased, while those of crude fat decreased. As for color values, increase in the amount of added OPE led to increase in L value and b value, but decrease in a value. The measurement of mechanical texture showed that hardness and cohesiveness decreased as the amount of added OPE increased. TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) content decreased as the amount of added OPE increased. And the amount of added OPE increased, all the antioxidant activity of beef jerky increased. Acceptability test showed the highest preference for OPE50 with regard to flavor, taste texture and overall acceptability. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) showed that increase in the amount of added OPE led to increase in meat color, salty taste, sweet taste, meat flavor and chewiness and decrease in off-flavor. According to principal component analysis (PCA), OPE50 and OPE100 had high levels of the sensory attributes that increase preference-such as meat color, salty taste, sweet taste, meat flavor and chewiness. Based on such results, it was established that 50% is the optimal mixing ratio of OPE for preparing a beef jerky of high preference that also has excellent quality characteristics and antioxidant activity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2013

Excessive sodium intake leading to hypertension, stroke, and stomach cancer is mainly caused by excess use of salt in cooking. This study was performed to estimate the salt content in school meals and to compare differences in perceptions related to sodium intake between students and staffs working for school meal service. We collected 382 dishes for food from 24 schools (9 elementary, 7 middle, 8 high schools) in Gyeonggi-do and salt content was calculated from salinity and weight of individual food. The average salt content from elementary, middle, and high school meals were 2.44 g, 3.96 g, and 5.87 g, respectively. The amount of salt provided from the school lunch alone was over 80% of the recommended daily salt intake by WHO. Noodles, stews, sauces, and soups were major sources of salt intake at dish group level, while the most salty dishes were sauces, kimchies, and stir-fried foods. Dietary knowledge and attitude related to sodium intake and consumption frequency of the salty dishes were surveyed with questionnaire in 798 students and 256 staffs working for school meal service. Compared with the staffs, the students perceived school meals salty and the proportions of students who thought school meals were salty increased with going up from elementary to high schools (P < 0.001). Among the students, middle and high school students showed significant propensity for the preference to one-dish meal, processed foods, eating much broth and dipping sauce or seasoning compared with the elementary students, although they had higher nutrition knowledge scores. These results proposed that monitoring salt content of school meals and consideration on the contents and education methods in school are needed to lower sodium intake.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.476-484
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• 2019

Objectives: The rise of one-person households may have consequences for food consumption patterns, and eating habits. This study investigated the home meal replacement (HMR) use and eating habits among adults in their 20s-30s living in one-person households. Methods: A total of 247 adults aged 26-39 years participated in this study. The subjects were divided into three group according to the household type; one-person households (n=80), two-person households (n=49), and multi-family (three and more members) households (n=118). Their use of HMRs (classified as ready-to-eat, ready-to-cook, and fresh convenience foods) and their eating habits were all compared. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 30.5 years, 47.8% were male, and there was no significant difference in age, gender, occupation, and monthly income according to the type of household. The intake frequency of total HMR and ready-to-eat foods was significantly higher in one-person households among the three groups. People in one-person households consumed more HMRs alone, and spent more money to buy HMRs. Undesirable dietary habit scores like unbalanced eating (p<0.05) and eating salty foods (p<0.05) were significantly higher in the one-person households. Among the total subjects, the unbalanced eating scores showed a significant positive correlation with the intake frequency of ready-to-eat foods, while the unbalanced eating scores showed negative correlation with the preference of fresh convenience foods. The scores for eating salty foods showed a significant positive correlation with the intake frequency and preference of ready-to-eat foods and ready-to-cook foods, while there was negative correlation with the intake frequency and preference of fresh convenience foods. Conclusions: Adults in their 20s-30s in one-person households consumed more ready-to-eat foods than those in multi-family households. In addition, people with one-person households had more unbalanced diets and ate more salty foods, and these undesirable eating habits showed a significant positive correlation with the use of ready-to-eat or ready-to-cook foods. These results should be addressed for producing healthier ready-to-eat/ready-to-cook foods and implementing nutrition education for making healthy food choices of one-person households, which are steadily increasing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.215-226
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the perception and preferences related to Korean food according to the ethnicity of university students in Yanbian, China. Korean food was preferred by Korean-Chinese as compared with Chinese students, and Korean-Chinese students preferred Korean food more than Chinese food. Both Korean-Chinese and Chinese preferred Korean food more than traditional Chosun food. More Korean-Chinese than Chinese students had positive perceptions of Korean food, which included foods made with jang, kimchi smell, and healthiness due to diversity. For evaluation of Korean food taste, more Chinese than Korean-Chinese subjects thought Korean food is not greasy and hoped salty taste. Both awareness and preferences related to Korean food were significantly higher in Korean-Chinese than Chinese students. Meat foods (so-galbi, dak-galbi, jang-jorim) were relatively high in terms of preference in both Korean-Chinese and Chinese students. Moreover, Chinese students preferred Korean traditional foods (sujeonggwa, yakgwa, gangjeong). In Korean-Chinese students, Korean representative traditional foods (kimchi, jangajji) and Korean traditional holiday foods (tteokguk, mandu-guk) were relatively low in terms of preference. This study found that the traditional food culture of Korean-Chinese has been maintained in Yanbian, whereas there is a change in the young generation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.432-438
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sensory characteristics of Toha-jeot added cabbage kimchi by Koreans and Japanese. The sensory evaluation was conducted for the following 9 items such as color, savory taste, carbonated taste, sour taste, hot taste, salty taste, off flavor, texture and overall preference. Sensory evaluation of kimchi was tested by Koreans or Japanese whose ages vary from 30 to 50 years old and each group had 25~30 evaluators. Kimchi at different stages of fermentation day 0, 10 and 18th was evaluated. Saltiness of kimchi was 1.5~2.1% through the fermentation period and pH of kimchis was decreased from pH 5.4~5.6 to 4.3~4.4 during the fermentation. The sensory evaluation of Toha-jeot added cabbage kimchi by Koran and Japanese showed the differences in evaluation as the fermentation proceeded. The color, texture and overall preference of Toha-jeot added cabbage kimchi fermentation for 10th days was scored significantly high by Korean group while the score for the savory taste was increased as the fermentation proceeded. The hot taste preference of Toha-jeot added cabbage kimchi fermented 18th days scored significantly high and also increased as the fermentation proceeded by Japanese group. The overall preference of Toha-jeot added cabbage kimchi by Japanese group was higher than that of control cabbage kimchi tested at 10 and 18th days fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.837-848
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• 2007

The literature suggested that a small reduction in overall blood pressure can have a large effect on overall prevalence of hypertension, and therefore, the affect of taste preferences of the population on salt intake should be considered for long-term blood pressure intervention programs. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of salt taste preference and salt taste sensitivity on salt intake behavior as risk factors for high blood pressure. We collected information on blood pressure, diet and lifestyle behaviors, salt taste preference and salt taste sensitivity from 540 respondents from Suseo-dong, Seoul. Salt taste sensitivity was assessed by administering a 1% NaCl solution to the subject's tongue and measuring the perceived intensity on 10 level scale. Salt intake behavior was classified into 3 categories: frequency of high-sodium foods, practice of salt-reducing behavior and frequency of vegetable and fruit intake. Salt taste preference showed a significant relation to the subjects' blood pressure, i.e. subjects with a higher salt preference had higher blood pressure. Salt taste sensitivity did not show a significant relation to blood pressure. However, there was a positive correlation between salt taste preference and salt taste sensitivity. Among the 3 indicators used to measure salt intake behavior, the practice of salt-reducing behavior remained significantly correlated to blood pressure. Moreover, salt-reducing behavior and salt taste preference showed a significant correlation, i.e. people who do not like salty foods tend to practice more salt-reducing behavior, leading to reduced levels in blood pressure. In a population, a small reduction in overall blood pressure can have large effects in overall prevalence of hypertension, in contrast to clinical studies where achievement of an individual's normal blood pressure is emphasized. Therefore, taste preference of the population should be considered for long-term blood pressure intervention programs.