• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the effects of addition of soybean boiling waste liquor (SBWL) and sugar and inoculation of the lactic acid bacteria and yeast starter culture in Korean traditional kanjang mash, three types of kanjang were prepared in a clay pot of 100 l volume and compared the characteristics of lactic acid fermentation. The mashing compositions of the types of kanjang were as follows: (1) control treatment mash was prepared with meju : 20% salt solution (1:4) and SBWL, (2) kanjang mash with 3.5% added sugar to the control type mash and (3) kanjang mash with 3.5% added sugar and inoculation of the lactic acid bacteria and yeast starter culture 35 days after mashing to the control type mash. (1), (2) and (3) of kanjang mash were found to be effective in increasing the lactic acid content and improving the organoleptic characteristics of kanjang. But the effect of yeast starter culture was not clear because osmophilic yeasts were inhibited by metabolite(acetic acid) produced by lactic acid bacteria. The lactic acid content of (1), (2) and (3) kanjang was 2.05, 2.38 and 2.91% respectively in 90 day-matured kanjang.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 1996

Effects of microwave heating on the content of phytic acid and phosphorus of soaked soybean were investigated. Phytic acid content of Danwon, Marly and Amsoy cultivars were found to be 19.19 mg, 18.38 mg, and 16.73 mg/g defatted soybean respectively. Inorganic phosphorus content of soybeans was significantly increased during microwave heating, while phytic acid and phytate phosphorus was gradually decreased. Microwave heating was more effective than autoclaving in reducing the phytate contents. It was also found that microwave heating to soybean of low moisture content was more effective than that of high moisture content for decreasing the phytic acid content. Soaking in 2.5% sodium chloride, 2% sodium bicarbonate, and mixed salt solution for 12 hrs was not effective on reducing the contents of phytic acid and phytate phosphorus, but microwave-heating after soaking in above solutions greatly decreased the contents of phytic acid and phytate phosphorus, whereas significantly increased inorganic phosphorus of soybeans.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1983

A vacuum-packed seasoned-dried product of sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, caught in the southern coasts of Korea, was prepared and stored at $35^{\circ}C$ for 70 days to test quality stability. Sea mussel, purchased from Jagalchi fish market in Busan, was steamed, shucked and eliminated byssus. The sea mussel meat was seasoned with the seasoning solution prepared with sugar, salt, sorbitol, glycerol, monosodium glutamate, 5'-ribonucleotide and smoke flavor (Smoke-EZ, Alpha Foods Co., Ltd.). After seasoning, the meat was dried at $52-58^{\circ}C$ for three hours, vacuum-packed in the laminated plastic film bag($14{\times}15cm$), and finally sterilized at $120^{\circ}C$ for 26 minutes in hot water circulating retort. The moisture, water activity, color value(L, a and b value), texture, TBA value and viable bacterial count of the products were determined during the period of storage at $35^{\circ}C$. From the results obtained, it became clear that the product could be preserved in a good quality for 70 days at $35^{\circ}C$, though a slight decrease in moisture content and development of a pale brown color was resulted. Judging from the sensory evaluation on flavor, the products containing smoke flavor were most desirable.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2016

Purpose: We recruited 118 women in their early 20's to examine the relationship between sodium intake and salty taste thresholds and preference. We also examined the association of salty taste preference with sodium-related dietary behaviors and major dishes contributing to sodium intake. Methods: Daily sodium intake was estimated using a 127-item dish-frequency questionnaire. Salty taste thresholds and preference were measured using rating scales using water solution of NaCl and a self-administered questionnaire based on a Likert scale, respectively. Results: Salty taste preference showed positive correlation with daily sodium intake and sodium intake-increasing behaviors, and inverse association with sodium intake-decreasing behaviors, including salt and soy sauce use at the table, the frequency of eating out and home delivery of foods, broth consumption of soup, stew or noodle soup, the use of ready-to-serve or processed foods, fresh vegetable intake, and the accommodating attitude toward bland food. Intake of sodium-contributing dishes, including ramen, spicy soft-tofu stew, radish kimchi, and dishes containing kimchi, also showed positive association with salty taste preference. Unexpectedly, detection and recognition thresholds of salty taste showed no association with salty taste preference, sodium intake, and sodium-related dietary behaviors. Conclusion: These findings suggest that salty taste preference could reflect sodium intake of individuals rather than thresholds of saltiness, and may be used as a simple and effective proxy for usual sodium intake.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 1991

In the isolated rabbit mesenteric artery denuded of endothelium, we characterized the identity of the A23187-induced endothelium-dependent relaxing factor (EDRF) released from the endothelium of rabbit aorta, which is distinct from that of acetylcholine-induced relaxing factor. In the normal physiological salt solution (PSS), the dose-response curves to A23187 and acetylcholine were overlapped together. Their effects were also inhibited by methylene blue. Upon application of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase into the bath, the phenylephrine-induced precontraction was transiently increased followed by the sustained relaxation. During the burst of hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction, the $Ca^{++}$ ionophore, A23187 but not acetylcholine was able to cause an immediate relaxation. However, A23187-induced relaxation was not manifested when precontracted by 50 mM $K^+-PSS$. Nevertheless, in the presence of superoxide dismutase, A23187 could produce an immediate relaxation without accompanying the transient contraction as acetylcholine did during the hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction. On the other hand, acetylcholine-induced relaxation was more sensitively inhibited by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) than A23187-induced relaxation. Endothelium-independent relaxation to sodium nitroprusside was not affected by PMA. Based on these results it is suggested that both A23187 and acetylcholine cause the methylene blue-inhibitable endothelium-dependent relaxation, and in addition, A23187 may release a stable EDRF which is resistant to superoxide anion and PMA.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1976

To examine the storage effect of the dry cured cultured undaria pinnetifida, its components were researched according to different places and periods of production and in heat treatment of it, how the different time, temperature and salt concentration can effect on its storage was researched as follows. In Pohang and Yeosu districts the most suitable period of processing was around the end of December and in Wando district, around the end of January. When it was heat-treated separately at $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ there of occurred the comparative low increase of organic acids and volatile acids, and the slight decrease of pigment. When it was heat-treated in sea water and satuarated NaCl solution, the obvious change was not found in all components, and in fresh water organic acids and volatile acids were conspicuously increased. When it was heat-treated according to the different heating time (long or short), there was no remarkable change in all components, but when heat-treated for 20 sec. the decrease of carotenoid was conspicuous. When heat-treated for 40 sec. separately at $90^{\circ}C\;and\;100^{\circ}C$ in sea water, better effect for storage was resulted.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2000

This study was carried out for treatment and reuse of inorganic sludge from Fenton process at B dyeing wastewater treatment plant. The parameters for pilot-scale treatment system were derived from the results of this study. It was found that $COD_{cl}$ of the treated effluent became lower than 100 mg/l approximately on the optimal reaction condition. 2nd sludge which was generated after redissolving sludge was analyzed, and it showed that reduction ratio of ash in 2nd sludge and total dry sludge weight in comparison with current sludge were 85% and 65%. Also Fe salt in sludge was redissolved about 90~95% of initial Fe by weight. It was estimated almost ￦350,000,000 for sludge reuse process. It was estimated saving of about ￦1,300,000 per day (￦420,000,000 per year) in operating cost based on 30,000 $m^3$/d treatment, which these were about ￦430,000 per day in chemical, ￦1,100,000 per day in sludge transportation and ￦200,000 per day in equipment maintenance. Payback period with interest charge for investment cost was estimated about 10.5 months. Also, net present value (NPV) was ￦792,000,000 and internal rat of return (IRR) was about 110%.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2013

In general, smoothing filters regularize functions by reducing differences between adjacent values. The smoothing filters, therefore, can regularize inverse solutions and produce more accurate subsurface structure when we apply it to full waveform inversion. If we apply a smoothing filter with a constant coefficient to subsurface image or velocity model, it will make layer interfaces and fault structures vague because it does not consider any information of geologic structures and variations of velocity. In this study, we develop a selective smoothing regularization technique, which adapts smoothing coefficients according to inversion iteration, to solve the weakness of smoothing regularization with a constant coefficient. First, we determine appropriate frequencies and analyze the corresponding wavenumber coverage. Then, we define effective maximum wavenumber as 99 percentile of wavenumber spectrum in order to choose smoothing coefficients which can effectively limit the wavenumber coverage. By adapting the chosen smoothing coefficients according to the iteration, we can implement multi-scale full waveform inversion while inverting multi-frequency components simultaneously. Through the successful inversion example on a salt model with high-contrast velocity structures, we can note that our method effectively regularizes the inverse solution. We also verify that our scheme is applicable to field data through the numerical example to the synthetic data containing random noise.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.173-180
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• 2013

This study was carried to provide basic data for the research of the effect of PEG impregnation on preventing wood from cracking during heat treatment. Three popular softwood species were selected for investigating the PEG penetration rate and retention depending on PEG molecular weight, PEG retention after heat treatment and their EMCs. The average retentions of PEG400 were reversely proportional to the basic densities of three species and those of the other PEGs showed similar behaviour as well. It is obvious that PEG retention decreased as PEG molecular weight increased with a species. PEG impregnation increased or decreased the moisture contents of the specimens within 2%, and increased their basic densities by 16.8% as a maximum. The Weight Percentage Losses of PEG400 during heat treatment were the largest among three PEG levels, which implied that lower molecular weight PEG leached more than the highers. There was less difference in EMC between PEG impregnated and control specimens at low RH, but their difference increased at high RH.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2011

In this research, food waste source reduction model for apartment was investigated. In spite of prohibition of direct landfill of food waste and continuous efforts made by government and local government, food waste production increases steadily. Recycling ratio of the food waste increases every year, but its products have many problems like low quality, stability, salt, odor etc. Household occupies 63.3% of whole food waste production and this is subject to be a key factor to control food waste. We surveyed S apartment in Kwangju city as a model case, in which administrative office and women's association adopted clean plate eating, separation of raw food waste and earth worm composting as a series of method for source reduction and recycling inside the apartment. With the help of residents' participation and practice, food waste production decreased 15.6% from 0.31 g/capita/day in 2007 to 0.26 g/capita/day in 2009 (domestic average 0.30 g/capita/day). Separation of raw food waste and its composting using earth worm were very effective, and were subject to resolve the problems of present food waste treatment technologies. And earth worm composting was very useful in environmental, economical, societal and educational aspects. Instead of economical incentive, educational programs about food value, environmental problem and critical method for food waste separation were more effective for promotion of source reduction. From the analyses on the process and success factors in this model, we could conclude that leader's role was one of the key factors for the settlement of source reduction, and that was to understand the seriousness of the food waste and to seek solution, to test techniques, and to practice by oneself. Furthermore, networking and collaboration among residents, local government, NGO and local press promoted residents' participation, and it was through various education and investigation. Finally, source reduction and self recycling model of food waste in the apartment, that applies separating raw food waste and earth worm composting based on the collaboration among residents, local government, NGO, and local press, should be disseminated, and environmental policy also should be changed to make it possible.