• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.698-707
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• 2017

This study was performed to investigate the impacts of irradiation sources on quality attributes of low-salt sausage during refrigerated storage. Control sausage was prepared with 1.5% sodium chloride (NaCl), whereas low-salt sausage was formulated with 0.75% NaCl (a 50% reduction; L-control). Sausage samples were vacuum-packaged, and low-sausages were irradiated with gamma-ray, electron-beam and X-ray at 5 kGy, respectively. The samples were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 28 d to determine changes in quality attributes. The pH of low-salt sausages was unaffected by irradiation at 5 kGy (p>0.05). Higher redness values were found at irradiated low-salt sausages compared to control (p<0.05). The hardness, gumminess and chewiness of control sausage were higher than those of low-salt sausages (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the textural parameters between low-salt sausage treatments. The overall sensory acceptability score of irradiated/low-salt sausages were lower than L-control due to decreased scores for cooked meat flavor but increased radiolytic off-flavor (p<0.05). The initial 2-thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values of irradiated/low-salt sausages were higher than control and L-control (p<0.05). However, the TBARS values of irradiated treatments were significantly lower than control at the end of storage. Irradiation could effectively inhibit the microorganism growth (total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas spp.) in low-salt sausages (p<0.05). Therefore, our findings show that irradiation could be to improve microbial safety of low-salt sausages, and suggest that further studies should be necessary to reducing radiolytic off-flavor of irradiated/low-salt sausages.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2023

Food waste (FW) emissions in South Korea amounted to 4.77 million tons in 2021, and continue to increase. Various technologies have been developed to treat FW, with recent research focusing on biochar production through pyrolysis to reduce FW. However, the agricultural application of food waste-biochar (FWBC) is limited by the salt accumulated during pyrolysis. This study investigated salt removal from and the kinetic characteristics of FWBC, and subsequently evaluated its agricultural applications. FW was pyrolyzed at 350℃ for 4 h, and subsequently washed for 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 5, 15, and 30 min to remove salt. FWBC had a salt concentration of 5.75%, which was effectively removed through washing. The salt concentration decreased rapidly at the beginning (1 min) and then slowly decreased, unlike in FW, in which the salt decreased continuously and slowly. The salt removal speed constant (K) was 1.5586 (Stage 1, FWBC) > 0.0445 (Stage 2, FWBC) > 0.0026 (FW). In a lettuce cultivation experiment, higher biomass was achieved using washed FWBC than when using unwashed FWBC and FW, and soil properties were improved. Overall, these findings suggest that although FW reduction using pyrolysis causes a salt accumulation problem, the salt can be effectively removed through washing. The use of washed FWBC can enhance plant growth and soil properties.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.224-239
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• 2018

In this study, the possible changes in the quality characteristics of pastirma, Turkish-type dry-cured meat product, produced by using two different salts (NaCl-KCl) in a curing mixture and two different production techniques (natural and controlled condition) were examined. Moisture, pH, salt, sodium, potassium, TBA, fat, water activity, instrumental colour, texture, and sensory analyses were implemented in order to determine the possible effects of these applications. Fat, aw, pH, colour, tiobarbituric acid (TBA), texture, salt, Na and K values may allow these desired modifications in pastirma production to be limited. The substitution of 15% KCl instead of NaCl was acceptable in terms of the sensorial properties of the pastirma. However, the sensory analyses did not allow for using a higher KCl instead of NaCl because both the hardness and chewiness in the texture of the pastirma samples salted with 30% of KCl were not scored positively. Besides this, negative effects, which may occur during the pastirma production under natural conditions, can be eliminated by the production being under controlled conditions.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.143-155
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• 2020

A reference electrode is important for controlling electrochemical reactions. Evaluating properties such as the reduction potential of the elements is necessary to optimize the electrochemical processes in pyroprocessing, especially in a multicomponent environment. In molten chloride systems, which are widely used in pyroprocessing, a reference electrode is made by enclosing the silver wire and molten salt solution containing silver chloride into the membranes. However, owing to the high temperature of the molten salt, the choice of the membrane for the reference electrode is limited. In this study, three types of electroceramic, mullite, Pyrex, and quartz, were compared as reference electrode membranes. They are widely used in molten salt electrochemical processes. The potential measurements between the two reference electrode systems showed that the mullite membrane has potential deviations of approximately 50 mV or less at temperatures higher than 650℃, Pyrex at temperatures lower than 500℃, and quartz at temperatures higher than 800℃. Cyclic voltammograms with different membranes showed a significant potential shift when different membranes were utilized. This research demonstrated the uncertainties of potential measurement by a single membrane and the potential shift that occurs because of the use of different membranes.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1993

Effects of various NaCl concentrations on salt-tolerant callus of tobacco were investigated. Selection of NaCl-tolerant (S) callus was conducted by subculturing Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY 4 callus in 200 mM NaCl-containing MS medium for more than 18 months. In spite of the long subculture period, characteristics of salt tolerance were maintained very stably. Significant differences were found in ion contents of each callus which was subcultured with treatment of various NaCl concentrations: Na+ and Cl- became higher but Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+ became lower with the increasing external salt contents. Therefore, the ratios of Na+/Ca2+ and Na+/K+ also increased resulting close to those of halophytic property. The contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids in S callus were estimated to 3.1 and 2.9 times more, respectively. than those of non-selected (NS) callus (control). The higher content of external NaCl tended to increase the amount of water soluble proteins and to decrease the amounts of the total sugars, reducing sugars and free amino acids. The activity of peroxidase was increased with higher contents of external NaCl in S callus, but it was maintained at a higher level than S callus at lower NaCl, followed by a subsequent decrease above 80 mM NaCl in NS callus. These results suggest that S callus may have a biological system converting energy source to efficient growth leading to reduction of the growth inhibition under stress environment.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.9-22
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• 2023

Spin-off pyroprocessing technology and inert anode materials to replace the conventional carbon-based smelting process for critical materials were introduced. Efforts to select inert anode materials through numerical analysis and selected experimental results were devised for the high-throughput reduction of oxide feedstocks. The electrochemical properties of the inert anode material were evaluated, and stable electrolysis behavior and CaCu generation were observed during molten salt recycling. Thereafter, CuTi was prepared by reacting rutile (TiO₂) with CaCu in a Ti crucible. The formation of CuTi was confirmed when the concentration of CaO in the molten salt was controlled at 7.5mol%. A laboratory-scale electrorefining study was conducted using CuTi(Zr, Hf) alloys as the anodes, with a Ti electrodeposit conforming to the ASTM B299 standard recovered using a pilot-scale electrorefining device.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제32권9호
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• pp.3209-3210
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• 2011

• 대한방사성의약품학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2015

[$^{18}F$]Fluorobenzaldehyde, which is a versatile radioactive prosthetic group, can undergo reduction, reductive amination, or oxidation to be used for synthesis of diverse radiotracers. This review covers synthesis of [$^{18}F$]fluorobenzaldehyde and its conversion to secondary prosthetic groups, and also highlights its application to the development of radiotracers.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.711-717
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• 2008

The use of support materials on the nanoparticle synthesis and applications has advantages in many aspects; resisting the aggregation and gelation of nanoparticles, providing more active sites by dispersing over the supports, and facilitating a filtering process. In order to elucidate the influence of the supports on the nitrate reduction reactivity, the supported iron nanoparticles were prepared by borohydride reduction of an aqueous iron salt in the presence of supports such as activated carbon, silica and polyethylene. The reactivity for nitrate reduction decreased in the order of unsupported Fe(0) > activated carbon(AC) supported Fe(0) > polyethylene(PE) supported Fe(0) ${\ge}$ silica supported Fe(0). Rate constants decrease with increasing initial nitrate concentration implying that the reaction is limited by the surface reaction kinetics.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.102-107
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• 1977

질소를 방향족고리에 포함하고 있는 헤테로 화합물인 트란스-1,2-비스피라질 에틸렌을 쿠멘, 이소프로판올, 시멘용매등에 녹여 빛을 쪼여준 결과 광화학적 환원이 일어나 1,2-비스피라질 에탄이 됨을 알았다. 알칼리 금속염이 이 환원반응에 미치는 영향, 용매효과, 증감제와 아줄렌등의 영향으로 부터 이 환원 반응은 $(n,{\pi}^*)^1$상태로부터 일어남을 알았다.