• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.369-377
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• 2007

An investigation evaluating the preparation and physicochemical properties of sauce with various herbs(sancho, sage, and rosemary) derived from soy sauce was performed. The effects of the different kinds of herbs added to sauce for roasted mackerel were assessed using physiochemical, sensory, flavor, and texture analysis properties. This fish was then compared to, fish with salt. The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash content of the roasted mackerel were significantly higher than the control(p<0.05, p<0.001). The salinity content of the herb sauce added samples were significantly higher than the control(p<0.05). Conversely, the pH and peroxide value of the herb sauce added samples were significantly lower than the control(p<0.001). A positive trend was observed for color value with sancho added sauce(p<0.001). The another positive effects on the texture of fish was observed for texture analysis, adhesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness with herb sauce added samples(p<0.05). In the flavor profile, the fishy smell was disappeared and antifungal flavor was improved with herb added sauce. Flavor, taste, texture, and overall preference of herb sauce were significantly highest in sancho added sauce(p<0.05, p<0.001). Results suggest that the best herb sauce for roasted mackerel was sancho added sauce.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.37-49
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• 2001

This study was performed in order to produce the basic data for developing prediction techniques of desalinization to be applicable to reclaimed tidal lands at the beginning stage. the desalinization experiments were carried out by two water management practices, namely, the leaching method by subsurface drainage and the rinsing method by surface drainage. The 5 soil samples used in this study were collected in 4 tidal land reclamation projects. Regression equations were obtained in order to investigate the changes of electrical conductivity during the desalinization of reclaimed tidal lands and to estimate water requirements for desalinization. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows: 1. According to USDA Salinity Laboratory classification system of salt affected soils the reclaimed tidal land soils used in this study were saline-sodic soils with the high electrical conductivity and the high exchangeable sodium percentage. 2. With the increase of the water requirements for desalinization the electrical conductivity was decreased with high degree of correlationships and the desalinization effects were remakable in both the leaching method and the rinsing method. 3. In case of the leaching method the electrical conductivity had been reduced below the classification value of salt affected soils when the depth o water leached per unit depth of soil (Dwl/Ds) was 0.3 and the desalinization effects showed a tendency to be much the same in each treatment.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mixed bone and brisket meat on the quality characteristics and nutritional components of shank bone extract and rib extract from Hanwoo. The pH values were influenced by the raw bones, mixed bone, brisket meat and their interactions (p<0.05). The salinity, sugar content, turbidity, and essential amino acid values increased significantly with addition of mixed bone and brisket meat. All attributes of sensory evaluation score were the highest in T6 (Rib 500 g + Mixed bone 500 g + Brisket meat 400 g) (p<0.05). The mixed bone significantly increased the saturated fatty acids of shank bone extract (p<0.001). Thus, the addition of mixed bone and brisket meat had a positive effect on the quality and nutritional components in shank and rib extracts of Hanwoo cattle.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.587-594
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• 1998

The objective of this research was to characterize effects of Cu or Cd additions on chemistry of soil quality indices, such as pH, EC, cation distribution and buffering capacity. Metals were added at rates ranging from 0 to 400 mg $kg^{-1}$ of soil. Soil solution was sequentially extracted from saturated pastes using vacuum. Concentrations of Cu or Cd remaining in soil solutions were very low as compared to those added to the soils, warranting that most of the added metals were recovered as nonavailable fractions. Adsorption of the added metals released cations into soil solution causing increases of ionic strength of soil solution. At metal additions of $200{\sim}400\;mg\;kg^{-1}$, EC of soil solution increased to as much as $2{\sim}4\;m^{-1}$; salinity levels considered high enough to cause detrimental effects on plant production. More divalent cations than monovalent cations were exchanged by Cu or Cd adsorption. The nutrient buffering capacity of soils was decreased due to the metal adsorption and release of cations. pH of soil solution decreased linearly with increasing metal loading rates, with a decrement of up to 1.3 units at 400 mg Cu $kg^{-1}$ addition. Influences of Cu on each of these soil quality parameters were consistently greater than those of Cd. These effects were of a detrimental nature and large enough in most cases to significantly impact soil productivity. It is clear that new protocols are needed for evaluating potential effects of heavy metal loading of soils.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1607-1623
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• 2019

Sediment bioelectrochemical systems (SBESs) can be integrated into brackish aquaculture ponds for in-situ bioremediation of the pond water and sediment. Such an in-situ system offers advantages including reduced treatment cost, reusability and simple handling. In order to realize such an application potential of the SBES, in this laboratory-scale study we investigated the effect of several controllable and uncontrollable operational factors on the in-situ bioremediation performance of a tank model of a brackish aquaculture pond, into which a SBES was integrated, in comparison with a natural degradation control model. The performance was evaluated in terms of electricity generation by the SBES, Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and nitrogen removal of both the tank water and the tank sediment. Real-life conditions of the operational parameters were also experimented to understand the most close-to-practice responses of the system to their changes. Predictable effects of controllable parameters including external resistance and electrode spacing, similar to those reported previously for the BESs, were shown by the results but exceptions were observed. Accordingly, while increasing the electrode spacing reduced the current densities but generally improved COD and nitrogen removal, increasing the external resistance could result in decreased COD removal but also increased nitrogen removal and decreased current densities. However, maximum electricity generation and COD removal efficiency difference of the SBES (versus the control) could be reached with an external resistance of $100{\Omega}$, not with the lowest one of $10{\Omega}$. The effects of uncontrollable parameters such as ambient temperature, salinity and pH of the pond (tank) water were rather unpredictable. Temperatures higher than $35^{\circ}C$ seemed to have more accelaration effect on natural degradation than on bioelectrochemical processes. Changing salinity seriously changed the electricity generation but did not clearly affect the bioremediation performance of the SBES, although at 2.5% salinity the SBES displayed a significantly more efficient removal of nitrogen in the water, compared to the control. Variation of pH to practically extreme levels (5.5 and 8.8) led to increased electricity generations but poorer performances of the SBES (vs. the control) in removing COD and nitrogen. Altogether, the results suggest some distinct responses of the SBES under brackish conditions and imply that COD removal and nitrogen removal in the system are not completely linked to bioelectrochemical processes but electrochemically enriched bacteria can still perform non-bioelectrochemical COD and nitrogen removals more efficiently than natural ones. The results confirm the application potential of the SBES in brackish aquaculture bioremediation and help propose efficient practices to warrant the success of such application in real-life scenarios.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.1023-1030
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• 2002

The effects on photosynthesis of NaCl(0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 or 1.0 M) were examined in etiolated barley seedlings. Chlorophyll(Chl) a, Chl b and carotenoid contents, Chl a fluorescence and quenching coefficients of Chl fluorescence have been determined in the primary leaves of etiolated barley seedlings cultivated under low light(60 $\mu$㏖ $m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$). Chl a, b, and carotenoid contents were decreased remarkably in comparison with the control at 0.4 M NaCl. However, the value of Fo and Fv were decreased at 0.6 M NaCl and the ratio of Fv/Fm were deceased at 1.0 M NaCl. Chlorophyll synthesis was seriously inhibited from 0.4 M NaCl, and the photosynthetic electron transport system was inhibited from 0.6 M NaCl. Quantum of photosystem II reaction center was inhibited at 1.0 M NaCl. The effects of NaCl on the Chl content were raised in a 6 hrs, but the effects of NaCl on the value of Fo, Fv and Fv/Fm were raised in 30 hrs. The value of qP was decreased in comparison with the control at all concentrations, but there was a small change in the value qE. These results provide evidence that NaCl inhibited effects of various concentration of NaCl were inhibited quinone redox, however, proton gradient between thylakoid membranes was little damaged.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.12-16
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• 2016

To identify the effects of straw mulching on soil physicochemical properties in reclaimed saline soil, field experiment was conducted for 3 years (2010~2012) in Saemangeum reclaimed land. Soil series of the experimental field was Munpo and soil texture was fine sandy loam. The experiment was conducted at a field with EC of $2.4dS\;m^{-1}$ (field I) and the other field with EC of $5.6dS\;m^{-1}$ (field II). Each experimental field was treated with rye straw incorporation, mulching with rye straw and control. In 2010 rye straw produced from other field was used for the experiment and in 2011~2012 rye straw cultivated at the same experimental field was used. After rye straw application, soybean was cultivated. After 3 years field experiment, by rye straw incorporation, soil salinity decreased from $2.4dS\;m^{-1}$ to $0.6dS\;m^{-1}$ at field I but increased from $5.6dS\;m^{-1}$ to $7.6dS\;m^{-1}$ at field II. By mulching with rye straw soil salinity decreased from $2.4dS\;m^{-1}$ to $0.5dS\;m^{-1}$ at field I and also decreased from $5.6dS\;m^{-1}$ to $0.5dS\;m^{-1}$ at field II. By rye straw incorporation and mulching soil organic matter increased from $2g\;kg^{-1}$ to $4g\;kg^{-1}$. At field I yields of soybean were similar between rye straw incorporation and mulching but at field II yield of soybean increased apparently by mulching with rye straw compared to rye straw incorporation and control.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.2 s.62
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• pp.147-154
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• 2006

Effects of water temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (AlCt-01) were investigated, which was isolated from Jinhae Bay, Korea. The maximum growth of A. catenella strain was obtained at $150{\mu}E\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$. The ranges of temperature and salinity for the growth of the strain were $15\sim25^{\circ}C$ and $20\sim34$ PSU. The maximum growth rate of A. catenella determined was $0.45d^{-1}$ at $20^{\circ}C$, 30 PSU and $150{\mu}E\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ We also examined the Se and Fe effects on the toxic dinoflagellate A. catenella in optimal growth conditions. As Fe concentration of medium increased from 0 to $11.7{\mu}M$, growth rate of A. catenella increased and the maximum growth rate(k=0.48 $d^{-1}$) was obtained at $11.7{\mu}M$ of Fe cone. Growth of A. catenella were stimulated at> 1nM of Se.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2005

In order to investigate the structures and dynamics of phytoplankton communities, each physicochemical environmental factor, species composition, standing crop, and dominant species were examined in the marine ranching ground of Tongyeong coastal waters from April to October, 2000. During the studies, mean water temperature and salinity were $18.8^{\circ}C$ and 33.1 psu, respectively. DO, SS and transparency varied from 5.43 to 11.39 mg/l, 14.6 to 32.4mg/l and 3.5 to 9.0m, respectively. Light intensities varied from 0.02 to $966{\mu}E/m^2/s$, which decreased with depth. $NH_4-N,\;NO_3-N,\;NO_2-N,\;PO_4-P,\;and\;SiO_2-Si$ were fluctuated from 0.059 to 0.332 mg/l, 0.040 to 0.800 mg/l, 0.001 to 0.468 mg/l, 2.3 to $143.0{\mu}g/l$, and 0.007 to 0.600 mg/l, respectively. chlorophyll a concentrations were fluctuated from 0.7 to $8.9{\mu}g/l$. Among 130 taxa of phytoplankton communities observed. diatoms occupied more than 81.54% of the total species, and the others were dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates. Phytoplankton standing crops ranged from $4.6{\times}10^4\;to\;2.6{\times}10^6cells/l$. In October, the standing crops were at bloom level showing more than $10^6cells/lat$ all stations. Dominant species changed by month and station. Leptocylindrus danicus occupied 59.84% in April and 22.03% in June. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens in August and Chaetoceros socialis and Skeletonema costatum in October were predominant species. In order to investigate factors influencing the total phytoplankton standing crops the correlations between the standing crops of diatoms, dinoflagellates, all phytoplanktons occurred and environmental factors were calculated using a multiple regression analysis. The coefficient of determination $(R^2)$ for total standing crops was 0.63 which explained 63% of variance and that of $R^2$ for diatom was 0.82. In statistical analysis, the results showed that the environmental factors influencing the size of the communities were predominantly water temperature, salinity and silicate.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diurnal alternation of nutrient solution salinity on growth and fruit quality of tomatoes (Lycoperisicon esculentum cv. 'House momotaro') hydroponically grown in root intercept bag-NFT (RIB-NFT) system. Plant height was the lowest in the high concentration during daytime (6/1 $dS\;m^{-1}$, day/night). Yield was very high in the concentration of 1/1 $dS\;m^{-1}$, it decreased with increasing the concentration of nutrient Yield was higher at low concentration (4/1 $dS\;m^{-1}$) at nighttime compared to the same concentration (4/4 $dS m^{-1}$) at daytime and nighttime, and the reverse (1/4 $dS\;m^{-1}$) was similar to the control (perlite culture). Yield was greatly reduced by higher concentration at daytime than nighttime, and the decrease was alleviated by lower concentration at nighttime. With increasing the concentration of nutrient solution during daytime, sugar content of tomato fruit was increased, but yield was decreased. In the other experiment, tomato plants were hydropoically cultured in NFT system diurnally alternated between Aichi's solution and $Ca(NO_3)_2$ solution. $Ca(NO_3)_2$ solution was supplied for 4 hours from 10:00 to 14:00 at daytime and from 22:00 to 2:00 at nighttime, respectively, and Aichi's solution was supplied for the time except the 4 hours. Ca content of leaves and sugar content of fruit were increased by supplying $Ca(NO_3)_2$ solution at daytime compared to nighttime, but plant growth was greatly suppressed by supplying $Ca(NO_3)_2$ solution with the concentration of 4 $dS\;m^{-1}(4/4^{Ca}\;dS\;m^{-1})$ at nighttime.