• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.20
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• pp.3-22
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• 2003

The CISG has been effective since January 1,1988. Even if both parties of international sales contract are located in ratifying countries, the CISG does not apply to certain excluded transactions. The CISG does not apply if the parties have opted out of the CISG. When the parties opt out, they usually agree on the law that is to replace the CISG. In the context of international sales, the frequent and difficult choice of law problems will arise when the CISG applies to a transaction but does not resolve all the legal issues before the tribunal. So this article deals with the question. What should we select the applicable law in such situations? (1) For products liability issues excluded from the CISG by article 4 and 5, the court should apply the substantive law of the market state and the statute of limitations law of the forum, (2) For validity issues excluded from the CISG by article 4(a). the court should apply the UNIDROIT Principles when its rules resolve the issue.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.62-76
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to identify apparel consumers' immoral shopping behaviors from apparel retail sales associates' perspectives. As a first step to understand immoral consumer behaviors in apparel retail setting, the study took an exploratory approach using five focus-group interviews with 35 apparel salespeople. The immoral behavior of fashion (product) consumers was divided into two categories: one was the immoral behavior associated with the product, and the other was the immoral behavior relative to the consumer. The immoral behavior associated with the product was classified into three types: shoplifting, inappropriate returns, and damaging to merchandise. Immoral behavior relative to the consumer was classified into two types: abusive behavior by a consumer toward sales associates and excessive demand. Although, shoplifting was the primary immoral behavior mentioned by all interview participants, most sales associates failed to recognize shoplifting as a serious criminal behavior. Another commonly mentioned immoral consumer behaviors was retail borrowing, which may pose serious problems to the fashion industry. The findings of this study will provide a basis for approaches that may help decrease immoral consumer behavior at fashion retail stores and provide a basis for developing materials for consumer education over the long term.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.106-111
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• 2021

Multiple sales promotions for one product can be simultaneously offered. For instance, marketers can offer a premium along with a price discount. In the present research, we primarily focus on offers containing both a bonus pack and a price discount. In particular, this research examines whether consumer evaluations of offers containing both a bonus pack and a price discount (i.e., BP + PD offers) vary according to consumers' saving orientation. Specifically, we predict that for consumers with strong (vs. weak) saving orientation, offers containing the high PD but low extra amount of BP will be more favorably evaluated than offers with a high extra amount of BP but low PD. A series of two experimental results show that consumers' saving orientation moderates their evaluations of BP and PD offers, which supports the prediction. The findings imply that marketers can evoke more positive consumer responses to BP and PD offers, considering individual differences such as saving orientation.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-22
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• 2016

Studies in key account management (KAM) have identified the importance of cross-functional coordination in firms to effectively implement KAM. However, these studies have ignored how companies integrate KAM and other customer management (non-KAM). This paper explores coordination design between KAM units and non-KAM units by analyzing a case study through three dimensions: front-end coordination, back-end-coordination, and organizational translation at the beginning of research. The case study shows that non-KAM conditions can require a modification of the coordination design. This research performs an in-depth analysis of changes in the implementation of sales reforms for an IT-related machinery and system vendor in Japan. Data sources include interviews with KAM units and non-KAM sales units and an analysis of secondary data. This paper suggests that studying the coordination between KAM units and non-KAM units will further our understanding of internal coordination in KAM research.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.57-68
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• 2023

Purpose: The research aims to investigate the development of market distribution through digital marketing transformation trends with the support of universities. This development strategy is to maximize sales turnover of limited liability companies' typical traditional beverage products. Research design, data, and methodology: The research design uses descriptive qualitative methods. Data were obtained by participatory observation, in-depth interviews, FGDs, and documentation. Results: The result shows that the partner's traditional product market distribution strategy has been carried out by adopting science and technology and expertise possessed by partner universities. Universities that are Partners have benefited from the implementation of the Independent Campus program. Conclusions: The conclusion from the findings is that business actors must collaborate with universities through the Kedaireka Matchmaking Fund Program. The collaboration will create the right strategy development for the business. The government needs to provide more access to finance in the future. The hope is that the traditional beverage industry and higher education can realize the ease of synergy contributing to national development and the vision of the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture's independent campus.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2008

The determination of spectrum charges for the operators is a main issue to efficiently manage the limited radio spectrum resources. In this paper, we propose a model to compute the optimal charges for radio spectrum usage. The objective is to determine that will maximize the spectrum charges, and decision variables of ratios for actual or estimated revenues are considered. The spectrum charges are maximized under satisfying the least profit for operators based on Log-Linear demand function. The parameters of actual sales and minimum profit of operators are analyzed to make an efficient management for radio spectrum. The results show that the spectrum charges increase as the actual sales increase, but it decrease as the required minimum profit of operator increases. It is also observed that the government should increase the ratio for estimated sales if anticipating the poor market in the future, otherwise they should increase the ratio for actual sales to maximize the spectrum charges.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.137-145
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• 2023

E-Commerce is a buzzword well known for electronic commerce activities including but not limited to the online shopping, digital payment transactions, and B2B online trading. In today's digital age, e-commerce has been playing a very important and vital role in areas such as retail shopping, sales automation, supply chain management, marketing and advertisement, and payment services. With a huge amount of data been collected from various e-commerce services available, there are multiple opportunities to use that data to analyze graphs and trends. Strategize profitable activities, and forecast future trade. This paper explains a contemporary approach for collecting key data metrics and implementing cost-effective automation that will support in improving conversion rates and sales performance of the e-commerce websites resulting in increased profitability.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2024

Purpose: Despite the popularity of sales promotion as one of the key marketing tactics employed by many companies today, relatively little effort has been devoted to examining an interaction effect between promotion cues and promotion duration. Therefore, this study aims to examine how promotion cues and promotion duration will jointly affect consumers' attitudes toward promotions and purchase intentions. Research design, data, and methodology: The present study conducted an online experiment through the Qualtrics program in which a total of 141 participants were recruited from the Cloud panel members in the U.S. The experiment employed a 2(promotion cue: best-seller vs. limited edition) × 2(promotion duration: long vs. short) full factorial between-subjects design. Result: In the condition of best-selling sales promotion cue, a long promotion duration induced more positive promotion attitude and higher purchase intention, while in the condition of limited-edition sales promotion cue, the use of a short promotion duration contributed more positive promotion attitude and greater purchase intention. Conclusions: Marketers need to take the congruence between promotion cues and promotion duration into full consideration when designing effective sales promotion strategy.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.259-266
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• 2020

This study analyzes the effects of the obsolescence assets on the asymmetry of costs. Cost asymmetry refers to a lower percentage of costs when sales fall than increases in costs when sales increase. the obsolescence asset induces various decisions, including high maintenance costs and management improvements and replacement of facilities. This study is to analyze the cost behavior according to those decisions. The analysis showed that the higher the obsolescence of assets rate, we found cost elasticity, with a greater reduction in costs when sales decrease than the increase in costs when sales increase. Second, the lower the cost will not appear as the obsolescence of assets rate increases in case that the concentration of an item of property, plant and equipment is high, and when sales decrease. The above result means that the obsolescence of assets rate acts as operating risk and thus operates resources flexibly according to changes in sales, but when the concentration of property, plant and equipment is high, the decision-making constraint make it difficult for the flexible operation.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.95-103
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• 2019

Purpose : Promoting startups has increased in importance in labor market policies since the economic crisis. In Korea, the Ministry of SMEs and Startups is also seeking to revitalize youth startups and traditional markets by moving young stores into idle spaces in traditional markets through 'Project to Support the Activation of Youth Mall'. Research into startups in traditional markets is very limited. Therefore, this study looks at the differences between the management performance of young merchants and senior merchants, and looks at the impact of the business period. Research design, data and methodology : It was divided into youth startup and senior startup based on the age of 40 and startup and nonstartup. Based on these criteria, the company intends to compare and analyze sales and margin rates by setting the sales and margin rates with the management performance of the startup and senior startups. In particular, to look at the feasibility of government funded projects for young merchants, the company will look at the changes in sales and margin rates of young merchants and senior merchants over the period of operation. In this study, the analysis was based on the raw data of the Statistics of traditional market in 2017, and the ANCOVA was used. Results : First of all, the sales volume of stores operated by young merchants, was higher than those operated by senior merchants. Next, the margin ratio does not differ from that of stores that are for young people and those. These findings suggest that the profit structure of stores in traditional markets is similar between young merchants and senior merchants. Third, if you look at the performance of new startups based on one year of business period in more detail, it turns out that young startups have improved in sales and margin rates since startups, while senior startups have no difference. Conclusions : While it means that management performance can be improved through support for young startups, it suggests that there is a limit to supporting senior startups. Therefore, this research indicates that the government support projects centered on youth can contribute to the revitalization of traditional markets.