• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2006

당뇨병은 생체내 당 이용 능력의 이상으로 일어나는 만성 대사성 질환으로서 심혈관계 합병증이 일으키는 대표 증상인 고혈당과 지질대사를 치료하기 위하여 많은 환자들이 민간요법에 의존하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 홍화씨와 한약재 혼합 추출물이 혈당강하와 지질상태 개선에 대한 효능을 검증하고자 실시하였다. 당뇨는 streptozotocin(45 mg/kg B.W.) 으로 S.D.계 흰쥐에게 근육주사로 유도시킨 다음 주재료로 볶은 홍화씨 50g, 100 g 각각에 부재료로 맥문동, 감초, 상엽, 백복령, 숙지황, 비파엽, 독활, 대추, 산수유, 목단피, 천화분, 오미자를 섞어서 만든 한방 혼합 추출물을 당뇨 유도 쥐에게 체중 kg 당 100 mg, 200 mg의 홍화씨를 섭취할 수 있도록 각각 경구 투여하였다. 당뇨쥐의 고혈당 증상은 100 g의 홍화씨를 넣고 추출한 한약재 흔합추출물의 투여로 정상수준은 아니었지만 $34\%$ 낮아졌다(p<0.0.5). 혈장 내 지질과산화물 함량은 정상군과 당뇨 유도군 간에 유의한 차이는 없었으나, 간 마이크로좀의 지질과산화물 함량은 정상군은 $6.20{\pm}2.25\;nmol/mg$ protein에 비하여 당뇨군은 7.74 nmol/mg protein로 p<0.05수준에서 높았다. 그러나 100 g의 홍화씨를 첨가하여 만든 한약재 흔합추출물 투여했을 때 5.85 nmol/mg protein 수준까지 낮추어 주었다. 혈액과 간 조직 내 중성지방 함량은 역시 100 g의 홍화씨를 첨가하여 만든 한약재 흔합추출물 투여로 p<0.05 수준에서 저하효과가 현저하였다(p<0.05). 그러나 혈액과 간 조직 내 유리지방산, 총콜레스테롤과 인지질함량은 실험 전 군에서 유의적인 차이를 볼 수 없었고, 정상군에 비하여 당뇨군에서 혈장내 HDL-콜레스테롤과 동맥경화지수가 유의적으로 높은 반면에 HDL-콜레스테롤은 낮았으며 홍화씨와 한약재 흔합추출물이 이들 함량 변화에 미치는 효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 이상의 본 실험 결과는 당뇨에 의한 혈당, 지질과산화물 그리고 중성지방 증가는 홍화씨와 한약재 흔합추출물의 투여로 다소 완화되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 체내 혈당조절에 의한 당뇨병의 예방 및 치유효과가 있는 홍화씨와 같은 천연물질의 기능성 성분에 대하여 향후에 보다 심층 있는 연구를 통하여 건강 기능성 식품 소재로 활용하는 것이 매우 중요할 것으로 여겨진다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.279-283
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• 2006

홍화씨의 폴리페놀 성분들이 HMGR 활성, LDL-oxidation과 Hep3B 세포로부터의 Apo A1 분비능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 홍화씨 성분은 matairesinol(lignan), acacetin(flavone) 및 N-feruloylserotonin과 matairesinol의 대사산물인 enterolactone을 사용하였다. 그 결과, HMCR 저해활성은 mevastatin이 53%로 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었고 다음은 홍화씨 serotronin 유도체인 N-feruloylserotonin이 45%의 저해활성을 보여 홍화씨 폴리페놀 중에서는 가장 높은 활성을 보였으며 genistein은 35%의 활성을 보인 반면 나머지는 활성이 거의 미미하였다. N-feruloylserotonin의 활성은 용량 의존적 반응을 나타내었다. LDL 산화 억제효과는 사용한 모든 홍화씨 폴리페놀성분에서 나타났는데, 특히 N-feruloylserotonin에서 가장 강한 활성을 보였고 역시 용량 의존적 반응을 보였다. Hep3B에서의 Apo A1 분비능은 mevastatin에서 가장 높았고 enterolactone, genistein 및 ${\beta}-estradiol$에서 분비 증강활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과들로 미루어 볼 때, 홍화씨 폴리페놀 성분들은 콜레스테를 생합성과 LDL의 산화를 억제시킴으로서 지질대사 및 동맥경화 개선에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.689-693
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• 2009

Germination is well-known to enhance the digestibility, functionality, and palatability of plant seeds. To examine the functionality of germinated-safflower seed (GSS), proliferative and differentiative effects of GSS extract on the mouse calvarial bone cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolinbromide (MTT) assay and alkaline phosphatase activity, respectively. Water extract of GSS increased dose-dependently proliferative and differentiative effects on calvarial bone cell, and its effects were stronger than those of ungerminated-safflower seeds (UGSS) extract. One major component was isolated from GSS extract by a series of purification procedure of solvent fractionation, Diaion HP-20, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Its chemical structure was identified as trachelogenin (TC) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectral analysis. Trachelogenin showed significant proliferative (125.7%) and differentiative (132.1%) effects on calvarial bone cells at $10^{-8}M$, and its effects were significantly higher than those of $17{\beta}-estradiol\;(E_2)$. TC was found to be a major active compound responsible for high proliferative and differentative effects of the water extract of GSS. Therefore, these results suggest that TC in GSS may be useful as potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of bone loss.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.399-406
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of addition ratio(0, 5, 10 and 20%) of various minor ingredients(prosomillet, glutinous barley, oat, wheat, yellow and black soybean, safflower seed, chocolate etc.) on mechanical and sensory characteristics of Sulgiduk. In mechanical evaluation, hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess were increased with increasing the content of prosomillet, glutinous barley, oat and wheat to be added, and did not show any relationship the content of them to be added on yellow and black soybean, safflower seed and chocolate. In sensory evaluation, quality characteristics of Sulgiduk added with prosomillet, oat, yellow and black soybean and chocolate with $5{\sim}10%$, respectively was better than those of Sulgiduk without the minor ingredients. Change of hardness on Sulgiduk added with oat, yellow soybean, black soybean and chocolate was lower than those of Sulgiduk without them during storage of room temperature.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.392-397
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• 2007

We investigated whether ethanol extracts of the safflower seeds containing phenolic compounds were responsible for the bone-protecting effects. Crude ethanol extract (CEE) of the safflower seeds was fed for 4 weeks at the level of 1% in diet to female Sprague-Dawley rats that had been subjected to bilateral ovariectomy (OVX). The CEE effects (OVX+CEE) were evaluated by comparing results obtained from OVX, Sham, and OVX injected with $17{\beta}$-estradiol ($OVX+E_2$) groups. OVX resulted in a dramatic reduction in the trabecular bone mass of the proximal tibia (approximately 40% of the Sham group) and an increase in fat deposition in bone marrow. In $OVX+E_2$ group, the bone loss was completely prevented as well as marrow adiposity. In OVX+CEE group, approximately 80% of the bone mass was maintained compared with Sham group and fat deposition in the bone marrow was prevented. Meanwhile, the partially purified ethanol extract containing the phenolic compounds stimulated proliferation of the ROS 17/2.8 osteoblast-like cells in a dose-dependent manner, as potently as positive controls of $E_2$ and genistein. The present data demonstrate that the ethanol extracts of safflower seeds reduced bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. The bone-protecting effect of safflower seeds seems to be mediated, at least partly, by the stimulating effect of the phenolic compounds on the growth of osteoblasts.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.20-27
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• 2011

We conducted this study to examine the effects of safflower seed granular tea containing physiologically active polyphenols on antioxidative activities and bone metabolism. Forty postmenopausal women ages 49 to 64-years were recruited from Daegu and Gyeongbuk and were randomly assigned to either a safflower tea supplement (Saf-tea) group (n=27) or a placebo group (n=13). The Saf-tea group received 20 g of safflower seed granule tea per day containing a 13% ethanol extract of defatted safflower seeds, whereas the placebo group received a similar type of tea that lacked the ethanol extract. No significant changes in nutrient intake for either the placebo or Saf-tea groups were observed before or after the study period, except vitamin A intake increased after 6 months in the Saf-tea group. Dietary phytoestrogen intakes were similar in the Saf-tea group (60.3 mg) and placebo group (52.5 mg). Significant increases in plasma genistein and enterolactone were observed in the Saf-tea group. After 6 months of supplementation, serum levels of antioxidant vitamins such as a-tocopherol and ascorbic acid increased significantly, and TBARS levels decreased in the Saf-tea group compared to the placebo group. Serum osteocalcin levels were reduced (P<0.05) in the Saf-tea group after 6 months, whereas serum osteocalcin did not change in the placebo group. Urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine excretion was not different between the two groups at baseline, and did not change in either group after 6 months. Bone mineral density decreased significantly in the placebo group (P<0.01) but not in the supplemented group. It was concluded that polyphenols (72 mg/day), including serotonin derivatives, in the Saf-tea had both antioxidant and potential bone protecting effects in postmenopausal women without liver toxicity.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.94-94
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• 2020

Safflower, a draught and salt tolerant oil seed crop of Compositae family, has been cultivated around the world mainly as source of edible oils and dyes, where India, the USA, Mexico, Australia, and Ethiopia contributing about 85% of the production altogether. In this study we have characterized some selected morphological properties of safflower plant and determined the the total phenolic content (TPC) and fatty acid composition in seeds of 237 genetic resources. All the seed coats were white colored while the petals had red, yellow and white pigments. The yellow was the predominant petal color being recorded in 182 accessions followed by red occurring in 49 accessions. The petal color of 47 of the accessions changed with development while the 190 accession showed no change of color. The leaves are ovate to obovate, mostly with dentate (21 moderate and 205 weak) and few smooth (11) margins. The plant length, leaf length, and leaf width were ranged between 65.7 and 160.8 cm, 14.3 and 37.0 cm, and 3.3 and 12.1 cm, respectively. The TPC was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method and fatty acid compositions were evaluated using gas chromatography. The TPC content ranged from 23.71 to 132.72 µgGAE/mg dried extract (DE). The seeds of safflower genetic resources accounted an average crude fat content of 26.25% (14.84 to 41.70%). The total fatty acid is mainly comprised of 71.72% linoleic acid (18:2) and 20.08% oleic acid (18:1) on average, the remaining palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and linolenic acid (18:3) contributing 5.84, 2.23 and 0.15 %, respectively. The fatty acid composition of safflower seeds has shown great variability, where oleic and linoleic acid have a wide range of variation, from 9.23 to 83.35% and from 10.46 to 82.62%, respectively

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.112-118
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• 2001

To study effect of non-fat components present in plant seeds on lipid metabolism, defatted safflower and perilla seed powders were used in high cholesterol diets for ovariectomized (ovx) female Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 227$\pm$15g. Experimental groups were six as follows; normal group without ovariectomy and cholesterol-free diet, sham and ovx-control groups with high cholesterol and cellulose for dietary fiber, ovx-est group with the same diet as ovx-control but with eight subcutaneous injections of 50$\mu\textrm{g}$ 17$\beta$-estradiol. ovx-safflower and ovx-perilla with 29% and 16% (w/w) of each defatted powder in high cholesterol diets at the expense of cellulose. Weight gains were lower in normal and sham groups and food efficiencies were lower in normal,ovx-est and ovx-safflower groups compared with ovx-control. Uterus weights were dramatically reduced by ovariectomy but restored completely by 17$\beta$-estradiol and partially (~5%) by defatted safflower. Plasma levels of total cholesterol were not different among ovx-control, sham, vx-est and ovx-safflower groups (90.8~95.1 mg/dL) but that was lower in ovx-perilla (80.4$\pm$6.2 mg/dL). Plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were lower in sham (76.6$\pm$7.0 mg/dL) and ovx-perilla (79.2$\pm$5.8 mg/dL) groups. Liver cholesterol levels were lower in sham, ovx-est, ovx-safflower and ovx-perilla groups (26.6~29.8 mg/g) than ovx-control (36.5$\pm$3.2 mg/g). But liver TG levels were reduced only sham and ovx-est groups compared to control group. Fecal excretions of bile acid and cholesterol were highest in ovx-safflower group (30.8$\pm$5. and 32.1$\pm$5.7 mg/g) compared with other ovx groups (20.8~23.1 and 12.1~19.5 mg/g). These results suggest that both perilla and safflower seeds contain groups (20.8~23.1 and 12.1~19.5mg/g). These results suggest that both perilla and safflower seeds contain non-fat and non-fiber components having lipid lowering effects.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.309-314
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• 2002

홍화씨의 식품재료로서의 이용성을 증가시키기 위한 목적으로서 양갱의 주원료인 건조 팥소 분말에 대한 볶은 홍화씨 분말 20, 35, 45 및 60mesh별로 첨가한 제품과 홍화씨 45mesh분말의 첨가량을 0, 5, 10, 15 및 20%로 하여 제조한 제품 및 배합수로 녹차추출물을 이용한 제품의 품질특성을 조사하였다. 수분함량은 20mesh 체분리 분말 첨가 제품에서 가장 낮은 27.6% 이었고, 동일한 45mesh 분말의 첨가량에 따른 양갱제품의 수분함량은 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 수분활성도는 60mesh 홍화씨 분말 첨가 제품에서 0.93로 가장 높았고, 45mesh분말의 첨가량에 따른 수분활성도는 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향이었다. 색도는 분말의 mesh 수가 증가할수록 L값과 a값이 다소 낮아지는 경향이었고 반대로 b값은 다소 증가하였다. 동일한 입자크기를 가진 분말의 첨가량 증가에 따른 L, a 및 b값은 전반적인 증가현상을 보였다. 또한, 조직감 특성 중 견고성과 부숴짐성은 홍화씨 분말의 입도가 미세한 첨가구가 상대적으로 증가하였고 동일한 입도를 가진 홍화씨 분말 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 견고성과 부숴짐성은 증가하였고, 접착성과 탄력성은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 관능평가에서도 전반적기호도, 조직감 및 부숴짐성이 홍화씨 분말의 입도가 미세한 첨가구가 상대적으로 증가하는 결과를 보였고, 증류수를 배합수로 제조한 제품과 증류수와 녹차추출물을 1:1로 혼합하여 제조한 제품에서 거의 같은 수준의 높은 관능점수를 얻었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.196-201
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• 2004

식품재료 및 약리 효과로 인한 약용재료로서 사용범위가 확대되고 있는 홍화꽃 및 홍화씨의 휘발성 성분을 분석 동정하였다. 그 결과, 홍화꽃의 주요 휘발성 성분으로는 테르펜류인 p-cymene, limonene, ${\alpha}-phellandrene$, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, camphor, 4-terpineol, selinene, ${\beta}-caryophyllene$, torreyol, ${\beta}-eudesmol$ 등이 검출되었다. 또한, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethylalcohol, 4-terpineol, ${\beta}-caryophyllene$, ${\gamma}-terpinene$, ${\alpha}-phellandrene$ 등 통상의 꽃향기 성분과 알데히드류인 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, pentanal, hexanal, octanal, nonanal 및 decanal, 알코올류인 2-pentanol 및 heptanol, 케톤류의 3-penten-2-one, 2-heptanone, 2,6,6-trimethyl cyclohexanone 등이 함유되어 있었다. 그 이외 산류인 acetic acid, heptanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid 및 rancid-cheese odor를 띄는 3-methylbutanoic acid(isovaleric acid) 등의 생성이 확인되었다. 특히, 홍화꽃에서의 이들 산류의 생성은 다른 꽃류에 비해 종류나 함량이 많았으며, 홍화꽃이 다른 꽃에 비해 좋지 않은 냄새를 내는 특징적인 요인으로 생각되었다. 한편, 홍화씨의 경우는 hexanal, (E)-2-heptenal, (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal 및 (E,E)-2,4-decadienal등의 알데히드류가 주요 휘발성 성분으로 동정되었다. 일반성분 중 전체 함량의 약 30%의 지질을 함유하는 홍화씨는, 방향성과 관계된 torreyol, ${\beta}-eudesmol$ 등의 terpene alcohol류, 달콤한 향과 관계가 있는 3-methylbutanal 및 2-methylbutanal과 함께 산류의 생성도 있었으나, 지방산 산화 분해생성물인 (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal 및 (E,E)-2,4-decadienal이 전체 휘발성 함량의 약 75%를 차지하였다.