• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.26-38
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• 2022

Purposes: We analyzed the profitability determinants of regional public hospitals during the entire period between 2010 and 2020 and the period before and after COVID-19. We intended to provide fundamental data for developing publicness evaluation index and task of establishing and expanding regional public hospitals. Methodology: The financial and non-financial information of the regional public hospitals were used as the main analysis data; The financial data was established by the Center for Public Healthcare Policy of National Medical Center, and the non-financial data by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. T-test and regression analysis were used. Findings: The results can be summarized in two. First, the main determinants of profitability of the regional public hospitals were appeared to be the total asset turnover rate and the labor cost rate. Second, during the COVID-19 pandemic in the regional public hospitals, the number of sickbeds, the number of isolation rooms, the total asset turnover rate and the labor cost rate appeared to be the factor worsening the profitability. Practical Implication: The results of this study suggests that the management of the regional public hospitals is not aiming for the profit making, but it performs the functions as the community healthcare safety net such as controlling infectious diseases.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2021

Background: The primary indication for using long-acting anesthetics in dentistry is extensive dental procedures that require pulpal anesthesia beyond 90 min and management of postoperative pain. Ropivacaine is an amide local anesthetic that is available at various concentrations with inherent vasoconstrictive properties at low concentrations. Ropivacaine has a 75% greater margin of safety than bupivacaine. Ropivacaine can be a good alternative to bupivacaine as a local anesthetic in dental implant surgery as it provides a longer duration of both pulpal and soft tissue anesthesia after mandibular nerve block and lowers CNS and cardiovascular toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of ropivacaine and lignocaine for implant surgery anesthesia. Methods: Fifteen patients with bilateral edentulous sites indicated for implant placement were recruited for this study. Patients aged 20-60 years of both sexes were randomly recruited. Thirty implant placements were performed in the test and control groups using ropivacaine and lignocaine with adrenaline as local anesthetics, respectively. Results: The results were analyzed statistically. The duration of anesthesia was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group. Ropivacaine was found to be superior to lignocaine in terms of the quality of anesthesia. The comparison of mean visual analog scale scores showed ropivacaine to have better anesthetic and analgesic effects than the control group. Conclusion: Ropivacaine 0.75% provides a significantly longer duration of anesthesia than lignocaine 2% with adrenaline. Ropivacaine 0.75% decreased intraoperative and postoperative analgesia compared to lignocaine 2% with adrenaline. Hence, ropivacaine 0.75% can be used as an alternative to lignocaine in implant surgeries and other intraoral surgical procedures that require a longer duration of anesthesia and analgesia.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.29-43
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• 2021

This study investigated whether there is a correlation between the occurrence of hazardous substances such as vibrio, norovirus, radioactivity, shellfish posion, hepatitis A, etc. and media reports, and whether the occurrence of hazardous substances and media reports affect the production, distribution and consumption of aquatic products. The main research results are as follows. First, it can be seen that there is a difference in the relationship between the occurrence of hazardous substances and media reports according to hazardous substances. Second, it suggests seen that the occurrence of hazardous substances and media reports can have a negative effect on the production and the prices of aquatic products. Third, it was found that the occurrence and reporting of hazardous substances had different effects on the distribution margin of aquatic products due to the complexity and rigidity of the distribution structure. Fourth, consumers feel a threat to aquatic products safety and significantly reduce consumption when hazardous substances occur. There is a possibility that concerns about one item may lead to a decrease in consumption of domestic and imported aquatic products that are not related at all to the occurrence of hazardous substances. In conclusion, aquatic products are exposed to various hazardous substances such as vibrio, norovirus, radioactivity, shellfish posion, and hepatitis A. It was found that the occurrence of hazardous substances and its media reports could cause damage to the fishery sector.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.314-318
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• 2012

Most types of collagen used for biomedical applications, such as cell therapy and tissue engineering, are derived from animal tissues. Therefore, special precautions must be taken during the production of these proteins in order to assure against the possibility of the products transmitting infectious diseases to the recipients. The ability to remove and/or inactivate known and potential viral contaminants during the manufacturing process is an ever-increasingly important parameter in assessing the safety of biomedical products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacies of the 70% ethanol treatment and pepsin treatment at pH 2.0 for the inactivation of bovine viruses during the manufacture of collagen type I from bovine hides. A variety of experimental model viruses for bovine viruses including bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV-3), and bovine parvovirus (BPV), were chosen for the evaluation of viral inactivation efficacy. BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were effectively inactivated to undetectable levels within 1 h of 70% ethanol treatment for 24 h, with log reduction factors of ${\geq}5.58$, ${\geq}5.32$, ${\geq}5.11$, and ${\geq}3.42$, respectively. BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were also effectively inactivated to undetectable levels within 5 days of pepsin treatment for 14 days, with the log reduction factors of ${\geq}7.08$, ${\geq}6.60$, ${\geq}5.60$, and ${\geq}3.59$, respectively. The cumulative virus reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were ${\geq}12.66$, ${\geq}11.92$, ${\geq}10.71$, and ${\geq}7.01$. These results indicate that the production process for collagen type I from bovine hides has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of virus safety.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2014

To assess the health risk for benzo(a)pyrene by the intake of edible oils, 288 cases of edible oils collected from food markets were analysed using the high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. The levels of benzo(a)pyrene were from non-detection to $4.78{\mu}g/kg$, and the average was $0.11{\mu}g/kg$. The chronic daily exposures of benzo(a)pyrene for total population group and consumer-only group were estimated using the food consumption data in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011. The estimated daily intake of benzo(a)pyrene was $4.26{\times}10^{-3}ng/kg$ b.w./day for total population group and $7.64{\times}10^{-3}ng/kg$ b.w./day for consumer-only group. The MOE (margin of exposure) of benzo(a)pyrene for total population group and consumer-only group was $7.28{\times}10^7{\sim}1.74{\times}10^8$ and $3.95{\times}10^7{\sim}9.42{\times}10^7$, respectively. Accordingly, the health risk from benzo(a)pyrene caused by the intake of edible oils was considered as a very low level.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.5 s.89
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• pp.717-726
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• 2005

Shear test data have been extracted from previous experimental research and compiled into a database that may be the largest ever made. In this paper, the shear database (SDB) was used for evaluating shear design provisions for both reinforced concrete (RC) beams and prestressd concrete (PSC) beams. A discussion on the use of the results of this evaluation related to calibration and strength reduction factor for the shear design provisions was also provided. It was observed that the shear design provisions did not provide good predictions for RC members and gave very poor predictions especially for RC members without shear reinforcement. On the other hand, the limit on shear strength contributed by transverse reinforcement was observed to be lower than necessary. The shear design provisions gave very unconservative results for the large RC members (d>700mm) without shear reinforcement having light amount of longitudinal reinforcement $(\rho_w<1.0\%)$. However, for PSC members the shear design provisions gave a good estimation of ultimate shear strength with a reasonable margin of safety. Despite of a large difference of accuracy in prediction of shear strength for RC members and PSC members, the shear design provisions used a same shear strength reduction factor for these members. As a result, the shear design provisions did not provide a uniform factor of safety against shear failure for different types of members.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to monitor residual pesticides in domestic agricultural products and to assess their risk to human health. METHODS AND RESULTS: 123 samples containing both general and environment-friendly certified agricultural products were purchased from traditional domestic markets and supermarkets in six provinces of Korea. Multiresidue analyses of one hundred twenty-two pesticides except for herbicides were performed with gas chromatography-electron capture detector, gas chromatography-nitrogen/phosphorus detector, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Sixteen pesticides were detected in 45 agricultural product samples, which were 38 general, 6 low pesticide and 1 of GAP agricultural product samples and the detection rate was 33.6%. Pesticides detected in agricultural product samples were cypermethrin, lufenuron, fenvalerate, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr and iprodione. Residual concentration of 18 samples were exceeded the recommended maximum residue limit set by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and two kinds of unregistered pesticides in korea were also detected in two samples. CONCLUSION(S): In order to do risk assessment by agricultural products consumption, estimated daily intake of residual pesticides were determined and compared to acceptable daily intake, referring to %ADI values. The range of %ADI values was from 0.038% to 2.748%. Taken together, it demonstrates the pesticides found in agricultural products samples were below the safety margin, indicating no effect on human health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.644-655
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• 2020

This study focuses on the margin of human error when a navigator is embarrassed by the psychological fear of collision in a close-quarter situation (CQS) and is unable to perform as per the prescribed collision avoidance measures. The purpose of the study is to identify the effects of the navigator's personal characteristics or factors in relation to on-board career (OC), license rating (LR), and age on the perceived collision risk (PCR) in CQSs. In order to obtain quantified data regarding the collision risk perceived by the navigator in four typical CQSs between their own ship and a target ship, this study measured and collated the heart rate variability of 30 navigators on their own ship when two ships approached each other at a speed of 10 knots from 2.5 nautical miles to a collision situation. According to a multiple regression analysis of the measured values, the navigators' OC and LR factors had negative effects on the PCR, while the age factor had no significant effect on PCR. The t-test results showed that the PCR value was significantly higher for navigators with an OC ≤ 4 years than for those with an OC ≥ 5 years, and the LR factor was significantly higher for a class 4~6 group than for a class 2~3. This finding may be applied to the development of collision risk warning systems, particularly for navigators.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.2
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• pp.229-236
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• 2018

Pesticides are widely sprayed by the growers in street trees and planting areas which include urban forests, community forests and city parks to control pests. Spraying pesticides not only affect the people who sprayed but also affect the unspecified citizens who's are exposed to pesticides sprayed trees by contact or inhalation. A few studies have been conducted to measure the amount of pesticides in forest area but no studies have been conducted to measure the pesticide amount in tree in public living space. So, in our study, we investigated the amount of pesticides in cotton gloves, in leaf residue, and respiratory exposure for a certain period of time after applying Fenitrothion EC to Korean boxweed tree (Buxus Koreana) to know the safety time of pesticides after spraying. We found that, up to 4d, there was no significant difference of the amount of Fenitrothion on leaves. But the amount of pesticides on gloves was significantly higher on 1h ($510.1{\mu}g$) and 24h ($405.4{\mu}g$) than 48h ($45.0{\mu}g$) after spraying. The amount of pesticides on inhalation was also significantly higher in 1 h ($0.2{\mu}g$) and 24 h ($0.1{\mu}g$) than 48 h after spraying. After 48h, we did not find pesticides amount in inhalation. Thus, we was considered necessary to pay attention to 48h after spraying of pesticide Fenitrothion.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 2017

Jack-up drilling rigs are widely used in offshore oil and gas exploration industry. It is originally designed for use in the shallow waters less than 60m of water depth; there is growing demand for their use in deeper water depth over 150m and harsher environmental conditions. In this study, global in-place analysis of jack-up rig leg for North-sea oil well is performed through numerical analysis. Firstly, environmental conditions and seabed characteristics at the North-sea are collected and investigated measurements from survey report. Based on these data, design specifications are established and the overall basic design is performed. Dynamic characteristics of the jack-up rig for North-sea are considered in the global in-place analysis both leg and hull and the basic stability against overturning moment is also analyzed. The structural integrity of the jack-up rig leg/hull is verified through the code checks and the adequate safety margin is observed. The uncertainty in jack-up behaviour is greatly influenced by the uncertainties in the soil characteristics that determine the resistance of the foundation to the forces imposed by the jack-up structure. Among the risks above mentioned, the punch-through during pre-loading is the most frequently encountered foundation problem for jack-up rigs. The objective of this paper is to clarify the detailed structure and installation engineering matters for prove the structural safety of jack-up rigs during operation. With this intention the following items are addressed; - Characteristics of structural behavior considering soil effect against environmental loads - Modes of failure and related pre-loading procedure and parameters - Typical results of structural engineering and verification by actual measurement.