• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.849-858
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• 2009

Risk caused by safety-critical instrumentation and control (I&C) systems considerably affects overall plant risk. As digitalization of safety-critical systems in nuclear power plants progresses, a risk model of a digitalized safety system is required and must be included in a plant safety model in order to assess this risk effect on the plant. Unique features of a digital system cause some challenges in risk modeling. This article aims at providing an overview of the issues related to the development of a static fault-tree-based risk model. We categorize the complicated issues of digital system probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) into four groups based on their characteristics: hardware module issues, software issues, system issues, and safety function issues. Quantification of the effect of these issues dominates the quality of a developed risk model. Recent research activities for addressing various issues, such as the modeling framework of a software-based system, the software failure probability and the fault coverage of a self monitoring mechanism, are discussed. Although these issues are interrelated and affect each other, the categorized and systematic approach suggested here will provide a proper insight for analyzing risk from a digital system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.336-344
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• 2019

Currently, Korea is entering an aging society, causing the issues of older adults in a wide range of fields. This study focuses on the health and safety issues of the older adults. As a theoretical background, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory was applied, and a new theory was established in connection with the physiological needs and safety needs of the 5 stages of desire in relation to the health and safety issues of the older adults. Health issues applying to physiological needs for the older adults are examined in detail in the body, perception and psychology areas, and safety accidents occurring indoors and outdoors are examined in relation to safety needs. Naver DataLab, a big data portal, shows that the number of bugs regarding health and safety of the older adults is steadily increasing. And through Google Trends, we can understand the interest setting up related search keyword about the older adults. According to the related search keywords, social part related to health in health issues is ranked high and kewords related to accident type in safety issues is ranked high. These findings will be an important basis data for research and solution to the issues of older adults.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 2014

The Fukushima Dai-Ichi accident in 2011 has affected various aspects of the nuclear society worldwide. The accident revealed some problems in the conventional approaches used to ensure the safety of nuclear installations. To prevent such disastrous accidents in the future, we have to learn from them and improve the conventional approaches in a more systematic manner. In this paper, we will cover three issues. The first is to identify the key issues that affected the progress of the Fukushima Dai-Ichi accident greatly. We examine the accident from a defense-in-depth point of view to identify such issues. The second is to develop a more systematic approach to enhance the safety of nuclear installations. We reexamine nuclear safety from a risk point of view. We use the concepts of residual and unknown risks in classifying the risk space. All possible accident scenarios types are reviewed to clarify the characteristics of the identified issues. An approach is proposed to improve our conventional approaches used to ensure nuclear safety including the design of safety features and the safety assessments from a risk point of view. Finally, we address some issues to be improved in the conventional risk assessment and management framework and/or practices to enhance nuclear safety.

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2018

In spite of importance of safety issues in community sport, little concerns have been paid to the sport safety policy. Governing bodies and individuals involved with the facility management have a responsibility to manage the risks at acceptable levels. For sports injury prevention interventions, the safety policy of sport facilities should be made to provide a structured framework which can be implemented at community sport. Hence, the current study is to identify the safety issues and to generate the policies that assist to conduct the systematic safety management at sports facilities. For this, the current study analyzed two cases from Japan and Germany. The study reviewed multiple pieces of literature including journal publications, political reports, and media coverage. Through review, the study analyzed the organizational structure, legal systems, and political stance of the safety management of sport facilities in Japan and Germany. The results proposed the following issues. First, law needs to be enacted to establish the control tower where has a responsibility to develop the safety manual and system. Second, local organizations need to be established to educate individuals working in sport facilities and inspect the facilities. Further political issues were discussed for safety management in Korea sport facilities.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.13-16
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• 2007

This study focuses on the trends and issues of improving safety management of elevators in Korea. Frequency and severity of accidents in relation to conditional pass in periodic inspection, maintenance, market surveillance are analyzed based on the statistical data and social cost due to a variety of related fields in managing elevator safety was estimated first. The results of statistical analysis performed in this study will provide logical basis and future direction for improving the safety management system. The role of certification and supervision is particularly addressed to reduce the related accidents and the social cost. The effectiveness of such procedures can be found from the results of simple statistical analysis.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2015

Background: Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are often the main pillar of an economy. Minor accidents, ergonomics problems, old and outdated machinery, and lack of awareness have created a need for implementation of safety practices in SMEs. Implementation of healthy working conditions creates positive impacts on economic and social development. Methods: In this study, a questionnaire was developed and administered to 30 randomly chosen SMEs in and around Mumbai, Maharashtra, and other states in India to evaluate safety practices implemented in their facilities. The study also looked into the barriers and drivers for technology innovation and suggestions were also received from the respondent SMEs for best practices on safety issues. Results: In some SMEs, risks associated with safety issues were increased whereas risks were decreased in others. Safety management practices are inadequate in most SMEs. Market competitiveness, better efficiency, less risk, and stringent laws were found to be most significant drivers; and financial constraints, lack of awareness, resistance to change, and lack of training for employees were found to be main barriers. Conclusion: Competition between SMEs was found to be major reason for implementation of safety practices in the SMEs. The major contribution of the study has been awareness building on safety issues in the SMEs that participated in the project.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.119-131
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• 2019

Among the themes for CSR(Corporate Social Responsibility), consumer issues include protecting the health and safety of consumers who purchase and use the products. In particular, ensuring product safety is a major theme of consumer issues for corporate social responsibility. Currently, the government implements the Electrical Appliances and Consumer Products Safety Control Act for product safety management and selects products that may harmful to consumers as safety control items, and manages the products by designating them as 4 types of safety certification, safety confirmation, supplier conformity verification, and safety standard compliance. In this paper, we propose management plans for the establishment of a more reasonable classification type of safety management target for 48 items of consumer products to be controlled by the act, and confirm the validity of the plan. First, we perform cluster analysis using data for CISS (Consumer Injury Surveillance System) to derive a new classification type of the safety management target. Next, we compare the results of the cluster analysis with the classification type of the act and the existing scenario classification method RAS (Risk Assessment by Scenario) and the causal network method RAMP (Risk Assessment Method based on Probability). Based on these results, we propose two new plans of safety management target classification and verify its validity.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2009

As the industry develops, the amount of wastes is increasing in the economic system with various needs. As a result, the environmental problems are emerging as serious social issues and all the parties are required to make their best efforts. Among the issues proposed as the environmental issues, the logistics-related issues are exhaustion of the resources, global warming, environmental pollution, and acidification and so on. In order to respond to the environmental issues of the earth, the advanced countries are setting retrenched goals, reduction of the new greenhouse gases and accomplishment of retrenched goals by cooperation between the nations. Economic activities inevitably bring environmental problems and logistics is implementing those activities. The companies should perform the roles to resolve the environmental problems as the main cause of environmental pollution. Therefore, along with spreading recognition of social demand, the companies are required to establish policies regarding the environment and they should approach the issues from the perspective of resource circulation. These environment-friendly activities are emerging as the new source of competitiveness in the logistics field. Therefore, this study analyzes the effects of environment-friendly logistics activities on the reduction of logistics cost to reduce and resolve the environmental issues such as environment preservation, recycling and so on.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 2014

Recently, the automotive industry has been introduced to ISO 26262 in November 2011 to address the necessity of safety risk from sensor to actuator by providing guidance in the form of requirements and processes. The malfunctioning behaviour of these systems could have significant impact on the safety of humans and/or the environment. Most of the modern automobiles are equipped with embedded electronic systems which include lots of Electronic Controller Units (ECUs), electronic sensors, signals, bus systems and coding. Due to the complex application in electrical, electronics and programmable electronics, the need to carry out detailed safety analyses which focuses on the potential risk of malfunction is crucial for automotive systems. In this paper, the international trends on pre and post introduction of ISO 26262 through publications will be analyzed as well as to take a glimpse in the activities for implementing this standard by the automotive manufacturers. The issues and challenges which have been occurring from implementing this standard also will be highlighted.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.192-202
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• 2007

Objectives: The objectives of this research are to examine the missions, organization, and programs of the environmental, health and safety(EHS) offices of the major research universities in the U.S.A., particularly the case of Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) EHS Office, and to suggest ways to address the EHS issues of the universities and research institutes in South Korea. Methods: The top 30 research universities in the U.S.A. were selected by the total amounts of research funds they annually received. The web sites of the 30 universities were searched to identify the names of the departments that address environment, health, and/or safety related issues, the missions of those departments, the major programs of those departments, and the number of staff in those departments. Also, a case study was conducted for the Environment Health and Safety Management System and the Environment, Health and Safety Office of the MIT, using literature and web searches and a meeting with the Director of the MIT Environment, Health and Safety Office. Results: All the top 30 research universities in the U.S.A. had designated departments that dealt with EHS issues. Most of them were by the name of or similar to environmental, health and safety. The mission statements of those departments were mostly about improving the safety and health of their community members, improving the environment, and complying to EHS regulations. Most of those departments had an environmental management program, industrial hygiene program, radiation protection program, safety program, and biosafety program as their major programs. The components of the environment, health and safety management system(EHS-MS) of the MIT were examined in detail. In contrast, not many universities in South Korea had designated departments that dealt specifically with EHS issues. Also, the number of fulltime staff for EHS was only 1-2 in most of the Korean universities and their work duties included only general safety, while neglecting other health/environment related issues. Conclusions: Well organized and functioning environmental, health and safety offices were present in all of the top 30 research universities in the U.S.A., whereas similar organizations of the universities in South Korea were virtually non-existent and/or had very limited EHS activities. Therefore, in order to reduce potential risks of accidents and health problems in the Korean universities and research institutions, well established and functioning EHS-MSs and EHS offices are warranted. The case of the EHS-MS and EHS Office in the MIT demonstrate a successful case to follow.