• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.732-737
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• 1990

In this study, the rutin contents in buckwheat and buckwheat foods were determined. Rutin in buckwheat and buckwheat foods was extracted with methanol and separated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) equipped with Lambda-Max Model 481 detector set at 355 nm using a ${\mu}$ Bondapak $C_{18}$ column and a 2.5% acetic acid:methanol:acetonitrile (35:5:10, v:v:v) solvent. There were differences in the rutin contents among the different species of buckwheat. The rutin contents in buckwheat groats were ranged from 8.84 mg to 24.77 mg/100g. The rutin contents in commercial buckwheat groats and flours were ranged from 15.04 mg to 20.92 mg/100g. The rutin contents in commercial dried buckwheat noodles, steamed buckwheat noodles, and buckwheat cookies were ranged from 1.76 mg to 10.84 mg/100g.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.52-52
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• 2019

Buckwheat is well-known crop for containing a high contents of flavonoids that are effective in vascular disease. The current study was performed to estimate the influence of morphological characterization of Fagopyrum esculentum (ES) germplasm for seed's two major flavonoids contents: rutin and quercetin. We found that the red stem color, pale green leaf color, arrowhead leaf shape, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color, and egg-shaped seed were significantly associated with 77%, 56.7%, 83.7%, 98.7%, 70.8% and 74.5% germplasm, respectively. Overall, the rutin contents of ES germplasm ranged from 0.30 to 47.86 mg/100g dry weight (DW) and the quercetin contents ranged from 0 to 1.22 mg/100g DW. The rutin contents of germplasm possessing red stem color, pale green leaf color, arrowhead leaves, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color and egg-shaped seed ranged from 7.22 to 47.86 mg/100g DW. However, the quercetin contents of germplasm with red stem color and pale brown seed coat color ranged from 0 to 1.15 mg/100g DW, with pale green leaves ranged from 0 to 0.96 mg/100g, with arrowhead leaves and white flower ranged from 0 to 1.22 mg/100g and with egg-shaped seed ranged from 0.32 to 1.22 mg/100g DW. In PCA analysis, the first three principal components (PCs) showed Eigen value more than 1 and accounted for 51.70% of variation. For both higher contents of rutin and quercetin, the morphological evaluation in ES shows a tendency of red stem color, arrowhead leaves, pale green leaf color, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color and egg-shaped seed. From this information, we can assume the rutin and quercetin contents by the morphological characteristics of the germplasm. And It could be useful in improving the rutin and quercetin contents and selecting proper resources for cultivation in existing buckwheat cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.509-512
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• 2005

Changes in rutin and Quercetin contents of Gochujang, which was added buckwheat flour, were investigated during steaming and fermentation for 1 month. Not steamed buckwheat flour showed only in presence of rutin. But rutin decreased and quercetin increased after steaming. The koji of buckwheat flour showed maximum contents of rutin and Quercetin at 20 hours during fermentation. The rutin content of Gochujang made with koji of buckwheat flour decreased slightly during fermentation but the Quercetin content increased with decreasing contents of rutin, probably due to degradation of rutin. All rutin degraded completely in Gochujang made with koji of buckwheat flour after 20 days.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 1991

In the present study, an attempt was made to determine the rutin contents in buckwheat noodles according to blending ratio and boiling time. The rutin contents in buckwheat flour was 17.30mg/100g. The rutin contents in raw buckwheat noodles decreased in proportional to the blending ratio of buckwheat flour from 15.34 to 4.78mg/100g. The rutin contents of buckwheat noodles decreased linearly with increasing boiling time.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

In a pattern analysis of GC-MS of 21 Leonuri herba samples harvested in China and Korea, characteristic differences were observed between Chinese and Korean samples. specifically, Leonuri herba form Hanllasan showed unusual retention time. Rutin was employed as a standard compound of Leonuri herba. All samples had 0.32${\pm}$0.18(%) rutin contents in average, but Korean samples had more rutin than Chinese one, especially the sample from Hanllasan of Jeju showed high-est rutin content (3.2%). In rutin contents of seasonal variation, there were more rutin contents in after blooming, 2years aged Leonuri herba than before.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.271-271
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• 2017

Tartary buckwheat is known for its high rutin (quercetin 3-rutinoside) content which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. The buckwheat tea which is popular in Korea, is dependent on the quality of applied processing methods (steaming, dehuling, and roasting). This study focused on the evaluation of changes in rutin and anti-oxidant contents during the processing of tartary buckwheat tea. Raw tartary buckwheat seeds contains the highest quantities of rutin (2,212 mg/100 g D.W.). Soaking in water and steaming the whole seeds of tartary buckwheat significantly decreased its rutin and quercetin contents. Whereas the contents of rutin and quercetin in dehulled groats increased after steaming. The process of roasting with $70-80^{\circ}C$ for 2-3 min significantly decreased the contents of rutin (992 mg/100 g D.W.) and quercetin (12.8 mg/100 g D.W.). In the processing of tartary buckwheat tea, rutin content dropped about 45% in comparison with raw whole seeds.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1101-1108
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• 2020

Tartary buckwheat is a grain with many flavonoids, such as rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin. This study aimed to optimize extraction conditions to maximize the rutin, quercetin, and myricetin contents of tartary buckwheat sprout extracts using response surface methodology. A BoxBehnken design containing 15 experiments was employed to evaluate the effects of extraction conditions, such as temperature (X1, 50~70℃), extraction time (X2, 5~9 hr), and ethanol concentration (X3, 60~90%). The coefficients of determination (R2) for all the dependent variables (extraction temperature, extraction time, and extraction ethanol concentration) were determined to be over 0.95, indicating significance. The p-value of the model in lack of fit was over 0.1 than means, indicating that the model was well predicted. The optimal extraction conditions for rutin, quercetin, and myricetin contents were obtained at X1 = 51.03, X2 = 6.62, and X3 = 69.16, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted rutin, quercetin, and myricetin contents were 808.467 ㎍/ml, 193.296 ㎍/ml, and 37.360 ㎍/ml, respectively. For the validation of the model, ten experiments were performed and the experimental rutin and quercetin contents were measured at 802.84±8.49 ㎍/ml, 193.76±2.80 ㎍/ml, and 34.84±0.43 ㎍/ml, respectively. The experimental rutin and quercetin contents were similar to the predicted contents, but the experimental myricetin content was lower than predicted.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.246-250
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• 2005

This study carried out to compared a rutin content in seed and plant of tartary buckwheat(Fagopyrum tataricum) to collect in the world. Rutin content in seed and plant parts of tartary buckwheat is higher than F. esculentum and F. cymosum. Rutin contents in plant parts of 3 species was higher with order of flower> leaf> seed> stem> root and that of tartary buckwheat was higher about 3.2 times in flower and about 3.1 times in stem and about 65 times in seed of F. esculentum. Compared to rutin contents for seed color and shape of tartary buckwheat 50 lines, seed color was higher with order of dark gray>black>brown and seed shape was higher with order of Slender> Notched> Round. Rutin content in plant parts of cultivated lines was higher than wild lines. Compared to rutin contents in plant parts of tartary buckwheat collected at the different region, Bhutan line had much higher than other lines. Rutin contents were lower than in the leaf and stem of Pakistan line and in the seed of India line.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 2003

This study was conducted to classify photosynthesis rate and changes of rutin content of Korean buckwheat (cv. Chunchon-jaerae and Yangjeul-memil) treated with salinity, UV-C and low temperature. In case of cv. Chunchon-jaerae and Yangjeul-memil, according to the salt stress, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate were decreased. Both cultivars also showed decrease of transpiration rate and photosynthesis rate under the UV-C. Rutin contents within leaf and stem of cv. Yangjeul-memil were decreased when NaCl concentration was high. Rutin contents within leaf and stem of cv. Yangjeul-memil were generally decreased when the time laps under the UV-C stress. Rutin contents within leaf and stem of cv. Chunchon-jaerae was also generally decreased when the time laps under the low temperature stress.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soil conditioners, such as lime, borax, poultry waste sawdust manure (P.W.S.M) and mixed oil cakes (M.O.C), on the rutin biosynthesis and the yield of buckwheat. The content of phosphorus ($P_2O_5$) in buckwheat plants before flowering was higher at before flowering than that of flowering time at all plots. The content of nitrogen (N), potassium ($K_2O$), calcium (CaO) and magnesium (MgO) was lower at before flowering than those of flowering time at all plots. The contents of rutin in buckwheat plant at flowering time was higher than that at before flowering content of rutin in leaf was higher than that in stem. The contents of rutin in buckwheat plant was the highest at the plot treated with borax (B) compared to other plots. Correlation between rutin and amino acid was positive in buckwheat leaf, while it was negative in buckwheat stem. The yield of buckwheat was 21 percent higher at the plot treated with borax than the plot applied with the other three ingredients.