• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.146-158
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• 1988

In order to examine differential mortality, the life tables for the insured persons in national pension scheme were estimated by sex and types of coverage(the insured in workplaces vs. the insured in rural areas). The averages of 1994-1996 data are used for insured in workplaces, but 1996 data are used for insured in rural areas. Life expectancies at the age of 18 are 59.5 years and 67.2 years each for insured males and females and thus 7.7 years longer for females than males in workplaces. Sex difference in mortality reduces as age increases, and more rapidly at younger ages than old ages. For insured in rural areas, life expectancies at the age of 18 are 51.4 years and 61.1 years each for insured males and females and thus sex difference is 9.7 years. The greater sex difference in mortality in rural areas can be explained by sex selective migration. The difference of life expectancy between insured in workplaces and insured in rural areas is 8.1 years for males, and 6.1 years for females. Because rural-urban difference in educational attainment is greater for males than females, the greater difference in life expectancy is observed for males than females.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.719-736
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• 2022

Environmental risk assessment of living modified (LM) crops is essential for their cultivation. In this study, we cultivated β-carotene enhanced transgenic soybean (LM soybean) and non-LM soybean (Gwangan) in living modified organism (LMO) isolated fields, and investigated changes in the insect fauna using three types of collection methods for three years. In total, 331,483 individual insects and arachnids, representing 82 families in 14 orders, were captured during the study. Totals of 166,518 and 164,965 individual insects and arachnids were collected from LM soybean and Gwangan, respectively. Throughout the study, although there were differences between the investigation year, region, and methods, there were no significant differences between the population densities of insect pests, natural enemies, and other insects on LM soybean and non-LM soybean. Also, there were no statistically significant differences between varieties in the results of the species diversity analysis. The data on insect species population densities were subjected to multidimensional scaling (MDS), which did not distinguish between the two varieties, LM soybean and the non-LM soybean, in all cultivated fields. However, the results of the MDS analysis were completely divided into six groups based on the yearly survey areas. These results provided the insect diversity for an environmental risk assessment of LM soybean and suggested that the guideline could be useful to detect LM crops.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of regular Nordic walking exercise on the physical indicators and subjective happiness of middle-aged rural residents. Methods: A pretest and posttest design with a non-equivalent control group was conducted. The participants of experimental and control group were each 21 subjects from 40 to 64 years old. The Nordic walking exercise program consisted of 24 sessions which were focused on group exercise, and was conducted three times a week for eight weeks. Results: The experimental group showed significant decreases in body mass index (p=.042), body fat (p<.001), and abdominal fat (p=.026). The experimental group showed significant increases in muscle mass of right lower limb (p=.009) and left lower limb (p=.016) but was not statistically significant in right, left upper limbs and body. On the other hand, the control group showed significant decreases in muscle mass of right upper limb (p=.034), left upper limb (p=.038), and body (p=.034). There were no significant differences in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and subjective happiness between the experimental and the control group. Conclusion: The Nordic walking exercise should be actively encouraged to improve health of the middle-aged in rural area.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.257-262
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• 2000

This paper is to report our findings that vitamin B6 and folate nutritional state in the rural elderly population with alcohol dependency is poor. The present study was carried out to assess vitamin B6 and folate status in the 17 rural elderly subjects with alcohol dependency and 15 age-and sex-matched controls. Plasma and red cell folate concentrations were analyzed microbiologically, and pyridoxal-5-phosphate dependent erythrocyte alanine aspartate transminase(EAST) activity coefficients were determined using enzyme-coenzyme saturation kinetics. There was no difference in the amount of vitamin consumed between the two groups, and their intakes were 64% and 74.7%, respectively of the Korean dietary recommended allowances for vitamin B6 and folate. The mean percent activation for EAST of the total subjects was greater than 80%, suggesting an inadequate vitamin B6 status between the two groups. Folate concentrations in the red cell, but not in the plasma were significantly lower in the alcohol dependent(141.9ng/ml) subjects than that of the control(233.2ng/ml). Cigarette smokers had lower vitamin B6 and folate levels. Plasma and red cell folate levels were highest among the non-smoking, non-alcohol dependent subjects(11.7 and 257.3ng/ml, respectively) and lowest in the smoker-alcohol dependent group(6.7 and 132.9ng/ml). Finding ways to improve vitamin nutritional state such as vitamin supplementation might be necessary for the rural elderly people, especially for those with alcohol dependency.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2013

Objective: This study was carried out in order to estimate atmospheric Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations using pine needles as a passive air sampler (PAS) in urban, semi-rural and rural regions. Methods: One-year old pine needles were collected to analyze their PCBs concentrations ($C_p$, pg/g dry) at the end of December. PCBs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$, $pg/m^3$) were calculated with the $logK_{oa}-log(C_p/C_a)$) model. Results: PCBs concentrations in ambient air ($C_a$) were high in the order of urban, semi-rural and rural regions. The lower-chlorinated PCBs showed a higher concentration in ambient air. However, the distribution of PCBs congeners was similar in all three regions. Correlation between $C_a$ and the population density of the three regions was significant ($R^2$=0.9834, p<0.001). Conclusions: It was concluded that although the production and use of PCBs was banned in the1970s, PCBs are currently being produced unintentionally by human activities.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trends of basic income guarantee of which the discussion has been spreading in recent years and to explore the feasibility of this system in the rural areas of Chungchengnam-do. Basic Income Guarantee means a system in which all members of society could take regular incomes which is at a minimum necessary for their life without any conditions, and it is already introduced or being currently discussed in several countries and regions such as USA, Switzerland, Namibia. In Korea, it is currently claimed that breakthrough policy such as basic income guarantee for farmers should be introduced for farmers or rural residents who are facing the challenges of the double, namely the reduction of farm incomes and rural population due to the expansion of global free trade such as WTO and FTA since 1990s. Therefore, the policy considerations and suggestions for implementing the basic income guarantee for farmers in Chungcheongnam-do is explained in this paper.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.spc
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• pp.39-43
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• 2005

The dynamics of water quality with the storm events were analyzed in a small reservoir for irrigation, Lake Wangkung. Water quality of the inflowing stream fluctuated seasonally with the variation of flow rate. Thermal stratification was consistent from April to October below 2 m depths and anoxic layer was developed below 2 m depth in summer. The unique feature of temperature showed that thermal stratification was disrupted by a heavy rain event during monsoon, but hypolimnetic hypoxia were reestablished after a few days. Phosphorus and nitrogen increased immediately following storm events. The marked increase may be due to the input of P-rich storm runoff from the watershed. Internal phosphorus loading can be one of the explanations for TP increases in summer. When there was a storm, total populations of phytoplankton and zooplankton was reduced immediately following the storm, indicating possible flushing of algae and zooplankton. After a lag period of low-density the plankton population bloomed to a peak again within five days after the storm. Turbid water in lake became clear again which coincided with the time of the phytoplankton buildup. The results demonstrate that water quality is regulated greatly by rainfall intensity in Lake Wangkung.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.11-20
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• 2013

According to the decrease in birth rate and reduction of population, many schools in rural area have brought about the r decrease of number of student, and environment of education have became deteriorated. Accordingly, small schools be required improvement, and it should be altered placement of schools because it change number of student, distance and time of attending school, and formation of school zone are changed by alternating of human and physical environment. Merger and abolition of small schools are inevitable for change of placement standard to school and qualitative improvement of environment of education in rural area. This study researches the user's satisfaction at the boarding middle school following the merge and abolition of small schools in rural area. Finally, it reports the results of satisfaction research: the users are generally satisfied with education and student school life in the unified dormitory school.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.9 no.3 s.20
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• pp.35-39
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• 2003

In this study, the longevity index was suggested for researches about social and environmental effects to human immorality and criteria for defining longevity area were developed using statistical analysis. Candidates indexes based on researches about the tend of human death ratio were investigated. As a result statistical analysis, ratio of population over 85 yearn old and over 65 years was selected as a longevity index. Statistical analysis on the longevity distribution at each district showed that 'eup' and 'myun' are appropriate spatial unit to study social and geographical characteristics of longevity. The spatial analysis using the $ArcView^{TM}$ with the suggested index shows the time dependent variances of degree of immorality and spatial relationship between degree of immorality and human migration.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.106-110
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• 2017

The developmental responses of insects to temperature are important considerations in gaining a better understanding of their ecology and life histories. Temperature dependent models permit examination of the effect of temperature on the geographical distributions, population dynamics, and management of insects. The measurements of insect developmental and survival responses to temperature pose practical challenges that depend. The developmental characteristics of A. diaperinus were investigated at four temperature regimes (20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$), a relative humidity of 60%, and a light:dark photoperiod of 16:8h. The developmental time from larva to adult was 129.0, 49.8, 40.5 and 31.9 days at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. Pupal rate was 80.0%, 100%, 83.3% and 91.7% at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 respectively. There is an increasing need for a standardized manual for rearing this. Pupa had significantly lower weights at $35^{\circ}C$ than at the other temperatures. Female pupae (20mg) were significantly heavier than male (17mg).