• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.3-24
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• 2009

This article discusses the validity of selective/unilateral arbitration agreement that provides arbitration as one of several dispute resolution methods. The Supreme Court has held selective/unilateral arbitration agreement that is conditional invalidity since the judgement of 2003Da318 decided on Aug. 22, 2003: In the following judgements of 2004Da42166 decided on Nov. 11, 2004 and 2005Da12452 decided on May 27, 2005, the Court stated that the selective/unilateral arbitration agreement that stipulates to resolve a dispute through arbitration or mediation would be valid as an effective arbitration agreement only if a party elects and proceeds an arbitration proceeding and another party responses to the arbitration proceeding without any objection. The definition of arbitration agreement, the formation of selective/unilateral arbitration agreement, the summary of relative judgements and academic theories will be reviewed in order to examine the appropriateness of the series of judgements of the Supreme Court. Based on such reviews, this article will investigate the adequacy of the Supreme Court judgements from the perspectives of i) the principle of party autonomy, ii) the structure of dispute resolution methods, iii) legal provisions of Arbitration Act, iv) legal stability, and v) the policy to revitalize the use of arbitration. At conclusion, this article will suggest the change of precedents of the Supreme Court's judgements with regard to the selective arbitral agreement.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.111-120
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• 2005

A cost effective three-dimensional color gamut mapping architecture is described. The conventional three-dimensional reduced resolution look-up table is considered and the concept of three-dimensional reduced resolution difference look-up table is introduced for cost effective and real-time color gamut mapping. The overall architecture uses one-dimensional memory decomposition of three-dimensional gamut mapping look-up table, three-dimensional interpolation and simple addition operation for generating the final gamut mapped colors. The required computational cost is greatly reduced by look-up table resolution adjustment and further reduced by the gamut mapping rule modification. The proposed architecture greatly reduces the required memory size and hardware complexity compared to the conventional method and it is suitable for real-time applications. The proposed hardware is suitable for FPGA and ASIC implementation and could be applied to the real-time display quality enhancement purposes.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2024

This paper introduces Primetals Technologies' Through-Process Optimization (TPO) Services and Through-Process Quality Control (TPQC) System, which integrate domain knowledge, software, and automation expertise to assist steel producers in achieving operational excellence. TPQC collects high-resolution process and product data from the entire production route, providing visualizations and facilitating quality assurance. It also enables the application of artificial intelligence techniques to optimize processes, accelerate steel grade development, and enhance product quality. The main objective of TPO is to grow and digitize operational know-how, increase profitability, and better meet customer needs. The paper describes the contribution of these systems to achieving operational excellence, with a focus on quality assurance. Transparent and traceable production data is used for manual and automatic quality evaluation, resulting in product quality status and guiding the product disposition process. Deviation management is supported by rule-based and AI-based assistants, along with monitoring, alarming, and reporting functions ensuring early recognition of deviations. Embedded root cause proposals and their corrective and compensatory actions facilitate decision support to maintain product quality. Quality indicators and predictive quality models further enhance the efficiency of the quality assurance process. Utilizing the quality assurance software package, TPQC acts as a "one-truth" platform for product quality key players.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.39 no.6_2
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• pp.1651-1669
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• 2023

Sea ice currently covers approximately 7% of the world's ocean area, primarily concentrated in polar and high-altitude regions, subject to seasonal and annual variations. It is very important to analyze the area and type classification of sea ice through time series monitoring because sea ice is formed in various types on a large spatial scale, and oil and gas exploration and other marine activities are rapidly increasing. Currently, research on the type and area of sea ice is being conducted based on high-resolution satellite images and field measurement data, but there is a limit to sea ice monitoring by acquiring field measurement data. High-resolution optical satellite images can visually detect and identify types of sea ice in a wide range and can compensate for gaps in sea ice monitoring using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager-II (GOCI-II), an ocean satellite with short time resolution. This study tried to find out the possibility of utilizing sea ice monitoring by training a rule-based machine learning model based on learning data produced using high-resolution optical satellite images and performing detection on GOCI-II images. Learning materials were extracted from Liaodong Bay in the Bohai Sea from 2021 to 2022, and a Random Forest (RF) model using GOCI-II was constructed to compare qualitative and quantitative with sea ice areas obtained from existing normalized difference snow index (NDSI) based and high-resolution satellite images. Unlike NDSI index-based results, which underestimated the sea ice area, this study detected relatively detailed sea ice areas and confirmed that sea ice can be classified by type, enabling sea ice monitoring. If the accuracy of the detection model is improved through the construction of continuous learning materials and influencing factors on sea ice formation in the future, it is expected that it can be used in the field of sea ice monitoring in high-altitude ocean areas.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.70-75
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• 2014

Super-resolution near-field structure (super-RENS) read-out samples are affected by a nonlinear and noncausal channel, which results in inter-symbol interference (ISI). In this study, we investigate asymmetry or domain bloom in super-RENS in terms of equalization. Domain bloom is caused by writing process in optical recording. We assume in this work that the asymmetry symbol conversion scheme is to generate asymmetric symbols, and then a linear finite impulse response filter can model the read-out channel. For equalizing this overall nonlinear channel, the read-out signals are deconvolved with the finite impulse response filter and its output is decided based on the decision rule table that is developed from the asymmetry symbol conversion scheme. The proposed equalizer is investigated with the simulations and the real super-RENS samples in terms of raw bit error rate.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.57-69
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• 2019

We present an analysis of the chemical abundances and kinematics of six low-mass dwarf stars, previously claimed to be candidate hypervelocity stars (HVSs). We obtained moderate-resolution (R ~ 6000) spectra of these stars to estimate the abundances of several chemical elements (Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, and Ni), and derived their space velocities and orbital parameters using proper motions from the Gaia Data Release 2. All six stars are shown to be bound to the Milky Way, and in fact are not even considered high-velocity stars with respect to the Galactic rest frame. Nevertheless, we attempt to characterize their parent Galactic stellar components by simultaneously comparing their element abundance patterns and orbital parameters with those expected from various Galactic stellar components. We find that two of our program stars are typical disk stars. For four stars, even though their kinematic probabilistic membership assignment suggests membership in the Galactic disk, based on their distinct orbital properties and chemical characteristics, we cannot rule out exotic origins as follows. Two stars may be runaway stars from the Galactic disk. One star has possibly been accreted from a disrupted dwarf galaxy or dynamically heated from a birthplace in the Galactic bulge. The last object may be either a runaway disk star or has been dynamically heated. Spectroscopic follow-up observations with higher resolution for these curious objects will provide a better understanding of their origin.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.35-48
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• 2022

In this study, it propose a proof theory method for expressing and reasoning knowledge in a multiagent environment. Since this method determines logical results in a mechanical way, it has developed as a core field from early AI research. However, since the proposition cannot always be proved in any set of closed sentences, in order for the logical result to be determinable, the range of expression is limited to the sentence in the form of a clause. In addition, the resolution principle, a simple and strong reasoning rule applicable only to clause-type sentences, is applied. Also, since the proof theory can be expressed as a meta predicate, it can be extended to the metalogic of the proof theory. Metalogic can be superior in terms of practicality and efficiency based on improved expressive power over epistemic logic of model theory. To prove this, the semantic method of epistemic logic and the metalogic method of proof theory are applied to the Muddy Children problem, respectively. As a result, it prove that the method of expressing and reasoning knowledge and common knowledge using metalogic in a cooperative multiagent environment is more efficient.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.163-168
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• 2008

Photonic crystal structures have been received considerable attention due to their high optical sensitivity. One of the techniques to construct their structure is the dip-pen lithography (DPN) process, which requires a nano-scale resolution and high reliability. In this paper, we propose a two dimensional photonic crystal array to improve the sensitivity of optical biosensor and DPN process to realize it. As a result of DPN patterning test, we have observed that the diffusion coefficient of the mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) molecule ink in octanol is much larger than that in acetonitrile. In addition, we have designed and fabricated optical waveguides based on the mach-zehnder interferometer (MZI) for application to biosensors. The waveguides were optimized at a wavelength of 1550 nm and fabricated according to the design rule of 0.45 delta%, which is the difference of refractive index between the core and clad. The MZI optical waveguides were measured of the optical characteristics for the application of biosensor.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.58
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• pp.99-124
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• 2013

International commercial arbitration is a specially formed mechanism for the final and binding settlement of disputes arisen between contracting parties regarding procedures, structures or other contractual relationship agreed by them. It is a resolution system which is processed autonomously by arbitrators who are appointed by contracting parties without involving the national court. If the contracting parties want to settle their disputes by arbitration, there must be a valid agreement. With a valid agreement, the most important concern is which law(called as the substantive law) should be applied in order to determine the rights and obligations of both contracting parties in relation to the dispute. At this point, the substantive law is really important because it is applied to the dispute itself directly during proceedings as well as it plays an crucial role in scrutiny and enforcement of arbitral awards. This article discusses about the substantive law under international commercial arbitration, specially focusing on the regulations of the ICC rules of arbitration, which is the most widely used all over the world and UNCITRAL Model law, which most countries' rule and laws are based on. By discussing how these rules and regulations should be interpreted and applied, it is expected to provide practical help to practitioners when they agree on an arbitration agreement.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2001

A $1"{\times}l"$, $512{\times}512$ poly-Si TFT-LCD with a new integrated 8-bit parallel-serial digital data driver was proposed and designed. For high resolution, the proposed parallel-serial digital driver used serial video data rather than parallel ones. Thus, digital circuits for driving one column line could be integrated within very small width. The parallel-serial digital data driver comprised of shift registers, latches, and serial digital-to-analog converters (DAC's). We designed a $1"{\times}l"$, $512{\times}512$ poly-Si TFT-LCD with integrated 8-bit parallel-serial digital data drivers by a circuit simulator which has physical-based analytical model of poly-Si TFT's. The fabricated shift register well operated at 2 MHz and $V_{DD}$=10V and the fabricated poly-Si TFT serial DAC's, which converts serial digital data to an analog signal, could convert one bit within $2.8{\mu}s$. The driver circuits for one data line occupied $8100{\times}50{\mu}m^2$ with $4{\mu}m$ design rule.