• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 2008

저온기의 딸기 재배를 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 '아키히메(章姬)'품종을 재료로 딸기의 뿌리 발달에 미치는 저온의 영향과 지하부의 온도와 관련된 지상부의 생육을 조사하였다. $18^{\circ}C$의 근온처리구에서 1차근의 생육이 가장 양호하였으며 $8^{\circ}C$의 저온에서 뿌리의 신장률이 가장 낮았으며, 특히 측근의 수와 길이가 가장 저조하였다. 근부의 온도는 지상부의 생육에도 직접적인 영향을 미쳐서, 낮은 근권 온도에서는 지상부의 생체중, 엽면적, 엽장, 엽폭 및 엽수의 저하를 초래하였다. 본 실험의 결과는 지하부 온도관리의 중요성을 확인할 수 있는 것으로 딸기 촉성재배농가에 유용한 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.340-345
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• 2006

A potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Superior) cultivar was grown in aeroponic cultivation system to investigate the effect of root zone cooling in summer. Based on their nutrient uptake, growth responses, and tuberization, the possibilities for potato seed production were determined. Although shoot growth and early tuberization increased in the conventional non-cooling root zone system (root zone temperature of $25\pm2^{\circ}C$), stolen growth, photosynthesis, transpiration rate and number of tubers produced were higher in the cooling root zone system ($20\pm2^{\circ}C$) than in the non-cooling system. Increasing root zone temperature above $25^{\circ}C$ stimulated absorption of K more than T-N, P, Ca, Fe and Mn. On the other hand, root zone temperatures in the range of $20^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ did not affect Mg contents. The lower uptake and supply to leaves of T-N, Fe and Mn at the high root zone temperature promoted early tuberization and advanced haulm senescence. The results stress the importance of keeping root zone temperature to as low as below 20, particularly in summer under temperate Bone.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.341-347
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• 2003

This study was conducted to evaluate the temperature rise on the root surface while the root canal is being obturated using continuous wave of condensation technique. Maxillary central incisor was prepared for repeated canal obturation. Ten thermocouples (Omega Engineering Inc., Stanford, USA) were placed at 1 mm increment from the anatomical root apex. The real temperature of Buchanan plugger was recorded before insertion into the root canal. The root canal was obturated with continuous wave of condensation technique as described by Buchanan and the root surface temperature was recorded during obturation at $150^{\circ}C,{\;}200^{\circ}C,{\;}250^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}300^{\circ}C$ temperature settings of System B HeatSource (Model 1005, Analytic technologies, Redmond, WA, USA). After completion of the temperature recording, the dentinal-cementum thickness at each sites was measured. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's test and linear regression test. The results were as follows. 1. When the temperature was set at $150^{\circ}C,{\;}200^{\circ}C,{\;}250^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}300^{\circ}C$ on the digital display of System B HeatSource, the real temperature of the plugger at the 1mm point from the tip revealed $130.82{\pm}2.96^{\circ}C,{\;}158.00{\pm}5.26^{\circ}C,{\;}215.92{\pm}6.91^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}249.88{\pm}3.65^{\circ}C$ respectively. 2. The position of 8 mm from the anatomical apex showed the highest temperature increase at each temperature settings and it was significantly higher than those of other positions (p<0.0l). The temperature rise was constantly increased toward coronal portion from apex of the root. 3. The maximum temperature increase on the root surface was $2.37{\pm}0.09^{\circ}C{\;}at{\;}150^{\circ}C{\;}setting,{\;}3.11{\pm}0.12^{\circ}C{\;}at{\;}200^{\circ}{\;}setting,{\;}3.93{\pm}0.09^{\circ}C{\;}at{\;}250^{\circ}C{\;}setting{\;}and{\;}5.69{\pm}0.15^{\circ}C{\;}at{\;}300^{\circ}C$ setting respectively. These results suggest that it be relatively kind to the supporting tissues of the root that the root canal is obturated using continuous wave of condensation technique at $150^{\circ}C,{\;}200^{\circ}C,{\;}250^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}300^{\circ}C$ temperature settings on digital temperature display of System B HeatSource.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.222-222
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine an optimal temperature of root zone for the chive cultivation in a greenhouse during the winter season that may raise the possibility of chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.) harvest any time year-round by reducing energy consumption. The maximum and minimum temperatures of root zone were 26.8 and $19.8^{\circ}C$ for the R-Z20, 28.3 and $23.6^{\circ}C$ for the R-Z25 and 22.4 and $14.3^{\circ}C$ for the control. The highest fresh weights of shoot and root, plant height, root length and stem diameter were observed in the R-Z20 treatment. There was no significant difference in the growth between the R-Z25 and control treatment. These results suggest that the optimal temperature of root zone is $20^{\circ}C$ for the chive cultivation in the greenhouse during winter season.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.366-378
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• 1998

Thermocondensation root canal filling technique have been used to fill accessary canals or to obtain homogeneous root caral fillings. But these thermocondensation technique inevitably produce heat in the canal which can be transmitted through the dentin and cementum and consequently damage periodontal ligamental cells and osteoblasts. In this study, System $B^{TM}$(Analytic technology, WA.D.S.A.) was used to evaluate the reaction of periodontal ligament tissue to "Continous Wave condensation technique" introduced by Buchanan, and the transmitted root surface temperature was measured according to measured root thicknesses. 12 Mandibular incisors of two adult dogs were used for the experiment. 6 controls were filled by lateral condensation technique with sealer.3 specimens were apically filled by Continuous Wave technique at $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 seconds and remaining 3 specimens were additionally backfilled using System $B^{TM}$(Analytic technology, WA.D.S.A.) was used to evaluate the reaction of periodontal ligament tissue to "Continous Wave condensation technique" introduced by Buchanan, and the transmitted root surface temperature was measured according to measured root thicknesses. 12 Mandibular incisors of two adult dogs were used for the experiment. 6 controls were filled by lateral condensation technique with sealer.3 specimens were apically filled by Continuous Wave technique at $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 seconds and remaining 3 specimens were additionally backfilled using System $B^{TM}$ at $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 seconds. Six weeks later, the dogs were sacrificed and the teeth stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for histologic examination. 6 extracted human teeth were used to measure the transmitted temperature. After cutting off the crown, the canals were prepared and divided into 3 groups with root thickness of 1.5mm, 1.0mm, 0.5mm, 2 teeth in each group. Inside each root canal, System $B^{TM}$ was heated as with the temperature for the apically condensed and the back filled group, and the transmitted heat was measured on the external surface of the root. The temperature of System $B^{TM}$ heat spreader at $200^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$ was also measured at root temperature. It can be concluded as follows: 1. In the thin area (200-$250{\mu}m$) of the root, root resorption could be seen even with heating at $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 seconds. 2. When the spreader was heated at $200^{\circ}C$ for 5 seconds and additionally at $100^{\circ}C$ for 20 seconds for backfill, all teeth showed root resorption regardless of their root thickness. 3. The transmitted external root surface temperature was higher as the root thickness decreased and as the heating time increased. In the thermocompaction technique using System $B^{TM}$, the spreader should be heated for the minimal time and used only in the apical area. The heated spreader shouldn't inserted to the binding point of the canal and backfilling should be done with other means of minimally heated gutta percha technique.

• 식물병과 농업
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.84-89
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• 1999

Development of root galls of clubroot disease on Chinese cabbage seedlings was first observed 17days after inoculation of Plasmodiophora brassicae at $25^{\circ}C$ 4-11days earlier than at 5, 20, 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 35$^{\circ}C$. Subsequent enlargement of root galls was also fastest at $25^{\circ}C$ and 2$0^{\circ}C$ but delayed at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 3$0^{\circ}C$ or above. Chinese cabbage seedlings with root gall formation showed reduction in number of leaves above ground fresh weight and amount of root hairs but increase in root weight, Root galls development was highest at soil moisture level of 80% of maximum soil moisture capacity than at 60% and 100%. Optimum soil pH for root gall development was pH 6 although root galls were formed at a range of pH 5 to 8. Period of light illumination also affected root gall development with the greatest gall development at 12hr/12hr in light/dark period and the least at 8hr/16hr. Site of root gall formation and gall shape did not differ greatly among treatments of temperature soil moisture pH and light experiments.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.242-248
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• 1992

수경재배(水耕栽培)에서 근권온도(根圈溫度)가 상추, 토마토 그리고 오이의 작물생장(作物生長) 및 양분함량(養分含量)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 양액온도(養液溫度)가 증가(增加)할 수록 뿌리의 호흡능(呼吸能)은 증가(增加)하였으며, 양액저온시(養液低溫時)($10^{\circ}C$) 상추가 가장 높은 호흡능(呼吸能)을 보였고, 토마토는 온도증가(溫度增加)에 따른 호흡량(呼吸量) 증가(增加)폭이 컸다. 2. 양액온도(養液溫度) $10^{\circ}C$에서 각 작물(作物)의 뿌리와 잎의 건물중(乾物重)과 엽면적(葉面積)이 현저히 감소(減少)했으나, 양액온도(養液溫度) $20^{\circ}C$와 $30^{\circ}C$에서는 비슷하였다. 3. T/R율(率)과 NAR은 양액온도(養液溫度)가 증가(增加)할수록 일반적(一般的)으로 증가(增加)하지만 저온시(低溫時)($10^{\circ}C$) 토마토와 오이는 뿌리의 생장(生長)이 오히려 저해(沮害)를 심하게 받을 뿐만아니라 엽면적(葉面積)이 크게 감소(減少)했으며, 상추와 오이의 RGR은 저온시(低溫時)에 현저하게 낮았다. 4. $10^{\circ}C$에서 $20^{\circ}C$까지 양액온도(養液溫度)가 증가(增加)하면 각 작물(作物) 모두 질소(窒素), 인산(燐酸), 가리(加里), 칼슘, 마그네슘 함량(含量)이 증가(增加)하나 $20^{\circ}C$부터 $30^{\circ}C$까지는 토마토와 오이의 칼슘함량(含量)만이 계속 증가(增加)하였다. 5. 양액온도(養液溫度) $10^{\circ}C$에서 각(各) 작물(作物) 모두 인산(燐酸)과 마그네슘 함량(含量)이 크게 낮은데, 이는 저온(低溫)에 의한 인산(燐酸)과 마그네슘 흡수(吸收) 저해(沮害)가 큰 것으로 보인다. 6. 오이는 상추나 토마토 보다 양액저온(養液低溫)에 의한 양분흡수(養分吸收) 저해(沮害)를 가장 심하게 받았다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.180-186
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• 1986

Photosynthesis and respiration of leaf and root of field grown Panax ginseng were investigated according to aerial part sensecence. No apparent photosynthesis activity was detected in senescenced leaf(less than 0.7mg total chlorophyll/g FW) and leaf dark respiration was consistent relation with senescence. Leaf respiratory Q$_{10}$ consistently increased with senscence. Root respiration and Q$_{10}$ tended to decrease with aerial part senescence only in the range of optimum temperature of leaf growth. Apparent photosynthesis or respiration of leaf was negatively or positively correlated, respectively with the increase of air temperature. Root respiration with temperature was well accordance with Arrhenius plot which was not consistent with aerial part senescence. Accelerated senescence may be recommendable for better root yield unless any reserve in stem or leaves contributes to root through translocation.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2009

Root rot caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans is one of the most important diseases of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Two types of symptoms found in ginseng root rot are black root rot and rusty root (rusty spots), in which disease severities are high and low, respectively. Symptom development and related histopathological changes were examined in an inoculation test on 2-year-old ginseng roots using virulent (Cy9801) and avirulent (Cy0001) isolates of C. destructans under different temperature conditions (13, 18, 23, and $28^{\circ}C$). Black root rot was only induced by Cy9801 in the lower temperature range (13, 18, and $23^{\circ}C$) and not at the higher temperature ($28^{\circ}C$). No black root rot, but only rusty spot symptoms, were induced by Cy0001 at all temperatures tested except $13^{\circ}C$, at which no symptoms occurred on over half of inoculation sites, suggesting disease development was influenced by pathogen virulence and temperature. Wound periderms were formed in all root tissues with rust spot symptoms at $28^{\circ}C$ caused by Cy9801 and at 18, 23, and $28^{\circ}C$ temperatures caused by Cy0001. No wound periderm was formed at $13^{\circ}C$ by either Cy9801 or Cy0001. Light microscopy revealed that the wound periderm was formed by initial cell divisions in cell wall formation and/or additional cell wall layering in parenchyma cells without obvious nuclear division, followed by layering of the divided cells adjacent to the inoculation sites, blocking the spread of the rot. These results suggest that disease development declined at lower temperatures and by the formation of a wound periderm at higher temperatures, and that ginseng rusty root may develop under conditions unfavorable for further disease development of C. destructans.

• 전자공학회논문지C
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• 제34C권12호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1997

A new temperature and supply-insensitive CMOS current reference circuit was designed and tested. Te temperature insensuitivity was achieved by eliminating the mobility dependence term through the multiplication of two current components, one which is proportional to mobility and the other which is inversely proportional to mobility, by using a newly designed CMOS square root circuit. The CMOS sqare root circuit was derived from its bipolar counterpart by operating the MOS transistors in the subthreshold region. The supply insensitivity was achieved by using an internal voltage generator. Te test chip was designed ans sent out for fabrication by using a 2.mu.m double-poly double-metal n-well CMOS technology. When an external voltage source was used for the square root circuit, the maximum variation and the average temperature sensitivity were measured to be 3% and 21.4ppm/.deg.C, respectively, for the temperature range of -15~130.deg.C. The maximum current variation with supply voltage was measured to be 3% within the commerical supply voltage range of 4.5~5.5V at 30.deg. C.