• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권10호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2021

Central Bank authorities should carefully manage inflation rate uncertainties to achieve economic growth and development not only in the short-run but also in the long-run. Since inflation is a key macroeconomic variable, an increased understanding about its behavior is undoubtedly important. Thus, paper employs unit root with breakpoints to examine the mean reverting behavior of inflation rate in the Philippines using monthly data from 2002 to 2020. Empirically, the unit root breakpoint innovational and additive outlier tests favor the stationarity or mean reverting behavior of inflation in the Philippines. Also, results of standard unit root tests, ADF, PP, GLS-Dickey-Fuller, KPSS and NP, provide strong evidence of mean reverting processes. The mean reverting behavior of inflation rate reveals that the monetary policy using inflation targeting framework has succeeded in reducing chronic inflation persistence in the Philippines. Thus, this research supports inflation targeting policy that aims to maintain general price level stability for the Philippine economy's long-term growth and development prospects. The findings of this research remain important for the central bankers for not only providing them better understanding about the behavior of inflation rate, but also helping them formulate and implement policy reforms related to money, credit and banking.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.211-214
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• 2004

토양에서 재배되고 있는 묘삼의 뿌리 표피조직에는 근모가 많이 발생하였으나, 배지내에서 생육한 인삼 재분화식물체의 뿌리세포는 표피조직에 근모가 거의 발생하지 않았다. Phytagel이 적게 첨가된 배지에서 자란 유식물체의 뿌리에는 근모가 거의 발생하지 않았으며 근중, 근경, 지근발달 등의 뿌리 발육상태도 미약하였으나, phytagel의 농도가 증가함에 따라 근모의 발달, 근중, 근경, 세근발달 등의 뿌리발육이 양호해지는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 phytagel이 적은 배지에서 자란 유식물에서는 통도조직의 발달이 미약하였으나 phytagel이 높은 배지에서 자란 유식물에서는 통도조직의 발달이 아주 양호하였다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.384-390
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• 2014

This study was carried out in order to investigate the early growth and root development characteristics of Peucedanum japonicum container seedlings. The experiment was performed by containers (128 and 200 cavities containers) and shading levels (0%, 35%, 50% and 75% shading). Germination rate of P. japonicum seeds was getting higher in the lower shading level and the highest in the full sunlight (71.9%). Plant height was the highest under 50% shading of all containers. Fresh weight and dry weight of the shoot (leaves + stem) were the highest under 50% shading of all containers, too. Meanwhile, fresh weight and dry weight of the root per plant were the highest under the full sunlight of 128 cavities container such as 0.34 g and 0.03 g, respectively. Total root length, root project area and root surface area were higher under the full sunlight of 128 cavities container such as 234.5 cm, $6.6cm^2$ and $20.8cm^2$, respectively and the next higher was under 35% shading such as 201.7 cm, $5.9cm^2$ and $18.4cm^2$, respectively. A case of root volume was the highest with $0.15cm^3$ under the full sunlight. As a result of the surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that the shoot and root of P. japonicum seedling grow nicely by maintaining 35% shading.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.76-86
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• 2018

Turfgrass species were evaluated for their rooting and foliar characteristics, and their interaction with the soil. The rooting system was divided into three compartments, one above another, such that the top and bottom compartments of the root system could be supplied with a nutrient deprived solution. Exposure of parts of the roots to nitrate deprivation caused a localised retardation of root initiation and extension, compared with zones receiving the full supply of nutrients. This resulted in considerable modification to root form, coupled with a significant depression in foliar growth. The extension of roots was the least affected by the deprivation of potassium. Phosphate and calcium deprivations gave rise to similar responses in root and foliar formation. Results from this study showed that external concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium are required by the root system in varying amounts for optimal growth of roots. Turfgrass coverage and turf quality ratings further reinforced these findings. No significant difference was observed between the different grasses examined here. All three species responded similarly to the deprivation of the various nutrients. Results from this study confirmed that targeted fertilization programs are beneficial and can help reduce cost, chemical usage and prevent leachate and contamination.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 1992

The ultrastructural changes and differentiation mechanism of chromoplasts and leucoplasts from Proplastids in root tip cells of Panax ginseng seedlings were studied with transmission electron microscope. Initial cells have so many proplastids with a few osmiophilic droplets and a lot of mitochon dria at early stage of germination, therefore electron density of cytoplasm is generally higher than that of the other cells just like periblem, plerome and root cap. Proplastids are observed in the initial cells, but only leucoplasts appeared in the central root cap cells. Because root cap cells are derived ultimately from initial cells, the cell organelles in the root cap cells are directly related by those of initial cells. This result postulates that leucoplast is diferentiated from proplastid, and this is the same with other's concepts. On the contrary, the precise observations of chromoplast with crystalline inclusions in the peripheral root cap cells can conclude the direct pathway of chromoplast development from proplastid. Because of the differences of these result from those of other experiments, new scheme of plastid development, direct differentiation of chromoplast from proplastid, can be postulated. And this is the originality of this research on the differentiation of plastids.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.345-350
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• 1997

수정된 Lincoln용액을사용하여 여러가지 목초의 상대생장율, 뿌리/지상부(RlS)비율, 상대적 뿌리 용적 및 표면적 등을 동시에 비교하기 위하여 수경재배법을 개발하였다. 수정된 Lincoln 용액에서 19가지 초종이 모두 잘 자랐으며, 뿌리특성 연구에 긴요하게 이용될 수 있었다. 상대생장율은 조사기간 동안 이상적으로 일정 값을 유지하며 같은 식물체로 성공적으로 측정할 수 있었다. Group 간과 마찬가지로 group 내에서도 초종간 RlS율에 큰 차이가 있었다. 뿌리 조직밀도는 두과목초나 herb보다 화본과에서 낮았다. 뿌리 면적지수는 화본과 목초와 herb가 높았는데 이 면적지수는 각각 다른 초종의 상대척 根界 평가에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.175-180
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• 1995

The disease development of root-rot [pathogen:Cylindrocarpon destruction (Zinssm.) Scholten] occurred in 2-year old ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) was investigated in the continuous (the first cultivation: 1978∼1982, 2nd cultivation: 1990∼1993 and abolished in 1993 due to replanting problem) and replanted cultivation (period of cultivation: 1980∼1984). In the continuous cultivation, incidences of root-rot were 0.7% on May 3, 48.6% on May 24, and 95.8% on June 14, respectively. In the replanted cultivation, no symptom was observed on May 3 and disease incidence was generally lower compared with the continuous cultivation. On the aerial part of the ginseng infected by C. desiccates, the end and/or margin of leaves were changed to dark reddish color that appeared for behind the root-rot symptom. In this field, the longitudinal growth of lateral root was more inhibited than in the case of the replanted cultivation by C. destmctans. The inhibition rate of rootlet growth was 37.3% in the continuous cultivation as compared with that of replanted cultivation at June 14. Though lesions of root-rot were formed all over the roots, 61.2% of the lesions was positioned within 6 cm under the rhizome. Key words Panax ginseng, Cylindrocarpon destmtan, root-rot of ginseng, replanting problem of ginseng.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2008

Nitric oxide (NO) affects the growth and development of plants and also affects plant responses to various stresses. Because NO induces root differentiation, we examined whether or not it is involved in increased ROS generation. Treatments with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, and $N{\omega}-nitro-{\text\tiny{L}}-arginine$ methyl ester hydrochloride (${\text\tiny{L}}-NAME$), an NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, revealed that NO is involved in the adventitious root growth of mountain ginseng. Supply of an NO donor, SNP, activates NADPH oxidase activity, resulting in increased generation of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$, which subsequently induces growth of adventitious roots. Moreover, treatment with diphenyliodonium chloride (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, individually or with SNP, inhibited root growth, NADPH oxidase activity, and $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ anion generation. Supply of the NO donor, SNP, did not induce any notable isoforms of enzymes; it did, however, increase the activity of pre-existing bands of NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes induced by SNP supply seems to be responsible for a low level of $H_2O_2$ in the adventitious roots of mountain ginseng. It was therefore concluded that NO-induced generation of $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ by NADPH oxidase seems to have a role in adventitious root growth of mountain ginseng. The possible mechanism of NO involvement in $O_2{^{{\cdot}-}}$ generation through NADPH oxidase and subsequent root growth is discussed.

• 식물병연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 2000

봄배추 무사마귀병의 감염시기별 피해정도를 포장시험으로 조사하였다. 정식후 감염시기가 빠를수록 수량에 대한 피해가 컸으며 정식후 20일 이전 감염배추는 수확전 완전히 고사하였고 정식후 30일에 감염된 배추는 수확시까지 외관상 건전한 생육을 보였으나 포기무게가 건전주의 59%에 불과하여 상품성이 없었다. 정식 40일 이후 감염배추는 수량에 대한 영향이 없었다. 이병배추는 감염후 시간이 경과할수록 잔뿌리의 생성이 감소되어 생육후기에는 거의 잔뿌리가 없었으며 뿌리의 신장도 건전주에 비해 1/2∼1/3 수준으로 감소하였다. 뿌리혹은 감염 20일후에 처음으로 관찰되어 이후 급속히 비대하였으며 최초 생성 20일후에 최대치에 달하였고 그후 혹뿌리의 부패로 근중이 감소하기 시작하여 수확기에는 건전주보다 낮아졌다. 뿌리혹의 발달 및 부패속도는 감염시기와 상관없이 배추생육기의 온도가 높아질수록 빨라지는 경향을 보였다. 식물체 위조는 뿌리혹이 생성된지 10일후에 처음으로 관찰되었으며 그후 10일경부터 혹이 부패하기 시작하여 열흘동안 완전히 부패 소실되었고 식물체도 고사하였다. 따라서 봄배추의 무사마귀병 포장정식시 감염은 20일간의 잠복기 20일간의 혹비대기를 거쳐 10일동안의 혹부패기, 그후의 토양내 잔존기로 구분이 가능하였다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.449-459
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• 2021

이 연구는 재생근관치료 결과에 영향을 줄 것으로 예상되는 인자를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 2011년 2월부터 2020년 1월까지 외상과 치외치 파절로 항생제 복합제제를 사용하여 재생근관치료를 시행한 54명의 환자와 57개의 치아를 대상으로 하였다. 의도적 출혈 여부, 치료원인, 치근발육단계에 따른 재생근관치료 결과를 분석하였다. 치료 결과는 증상의 개선, 치근단병소의 변화, 치근성장량을 토대로 판단하였다. 영상 촬영각도 및 위치에 의한 왜곡을 보정하기 위해 Turboreg plugin을 사용하였고, ImageJ softeware상에서 치근단공 크기, 치근면적, 치근길이의 변화를 측정하였다. 의도적 출혈 유무는 치료 결과에 유의한 영향이 없었다. 외상으로 인한 경우 치외치 파절로 인한 경우보다 치근면적과 치근길이의 증가가 적었다. 치근발육이 덜 진행된 치아일수록 치근면적의 성장이 크게 나타났다.