• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.185-193
• /
• 2007

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodules is a distinctly beneficial metabolic process in legume plants. Legumes control the nodule number and nodulation zone through a systemic negative regulatory system between shoot and root. Mutation in the soybean NTS gene encoding GmNARK, a CLAVATA1-like serine/threonine receptor-like kinase, causes excessive nodule development called hypernodulation. To examine the effect of nts mutation on the gene expression profile in the leaves, suppression subtractive hybridization was performed with the trifoliate leaves of nts mutant 'SS2-2' and the wild-type (WT) parent 'Sinpaldalkong2', and 75 EST clones that were highly expressed in the leaves of the SS2-2 mutant were identified. Interestingly, the expression of jasmonate (JA)-responsive genes such as vspA, vspB, and Lox2 were upregulated, whereas that of a salicylate-responsive gene PR1a was suppressed in the SS2-2 mutant. In addition, the level of JA was about two-fold higher in the leaves of the SS2-2 mutant than in those of the WT under natural growth conditions. Moreover, the JA-responsive gene expression persists in the leaves of SS2-2 mutant without rhizobia infection in the roots. Taken together, our results suggest that the nts mutation increases JA synthesis in mature leaves and consequently leads to constitutive expression of JA-responsive genes which is irrelevant to hypernodulation in the root.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2015

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effects of red pepper (Capsicum annuum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) on seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The aqueous extracts treatment of red pepper and coriander showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in root, shoot and seedling length, number of leaves and seedling dry weight of wheat (T. aestivum) as compared to control. The inhibitory different effect on growth of wheat (T. aestivum) was directly proportional to the increasing concentration (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%) of aqueous extracts of red pepper and coriander as compared to control treatment (0%). The root, shoot, seedling length and number of leaves of T. aestivum significantly p < 0.05 decreased at 5% concentration of red pepper as compared to control. The root, shoot and seedling growth of T. aestivum was also significantly reduced at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% concentration of coriander as compared to control. The root, shoot and leaves dry weight of T. aestivum at 5% coriander extract treatment concentration decreased as compared to control. The tolerance in seedlings of T. aestivum to red pepper and coriander extract treatment was dose dependent as compared to control. The seedlings of T. aestivum showed low percentage of tolerance to pepper extract treatment than coriander extract treatment.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2003

Some Korean plants were found to inhibit HIV-1 protease activity. The extracts of Acanthopanax koreanum (stem bark), Berchemia berchemiaefolia (stem), Berchemia berchemiaefolia (bark), Distylium racemosum (leaves), Distylium racemosum (stem), Lindera erythrocarpa (leaves), Physalis alkekengi var. francheti (root), Platycarya strobilacea (stem), Rodiola rosea (root), Rosa davurica (stem), Syringa dilatata (leaves), Viburnum awabuki (stem) and Viburnum awabuki (leaves) showed significant inhibitory effect against HIV-1 protease. Camelliatannin H from Camellia japonica and uvaol from Cratagus pinatrifida were potent active inhibitors of HIV-1 protease with $IC_{50}$ values of $0.9\;{\mu}M$ and $5.5\;{\mu}M$, respectively. The cure and prevention of AIDS have been a global challenge since it was discovered in the ealy 1980s. However, the development of anti-HIV agent that can effectively treat or prevent this disease are still demanded.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.676-681
• /
• 1998

Disease incidence of Codonopsis lanceolata was surveyed at the major cultivating fields in Chonbuk province in 1996 to 1997. The main diseases of Codonopsis lanceolata were ovserved as leaf spot caused by Septoria codonopsis, anthracnose by Glomerella cingulata, brown leaf spot by Cercospora sp., rust by Coleosporium koreanum, powdery mildew by Erysiphe sp., Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxyporum, and white root rot by Sclerotium rolfsii. Anthracnose, leaf spot and brown leaf spot occurred severely on leaves from early July to late August. They were caused early fallen leaves. Fusarium wilt and white root rot occurred severely on stem and below the soil line in late August. They resulted in withering to death or chlorosis and fallen of leaves. Disease incidence of Codonopsis lanceolata was also substantially different in occurrence with a method of cultivation in late growth stage. Fusarium wilt and white root rot were more severe with a method of no support cultivation than those with a method of support cultivation with a stick. Fusarium wilt occurred 48.8% in a method of no support cultivation but 3.1% in a method of support cultivation with a stick. And white root rot occurred 18.9% in a method of no support cultivation but 0.3% in a method of no support cultivation with a stick. Thus, it proved that soil-borne diseases could be controlled support cultivation with a stick.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.91-104
• /
• 1984

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of nonstarchy polysaccharides in Korean ginseng, (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). The results obtained are as follows. 1. The total sugar content of ginseng roots were decreased with increasing the cultural period. On the other hand, the crude fiber content was increased with that of the ginseng leaves or stems. But the crude fiber in root was much less than that of leaves and stems. 2. The dietary fiber content of ginseng root on 5 years old was 14.20% as neutral detergent fiber, 9.08% as acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose 5.12%, cellulose 7.98% and lignin of 1.10%, respectively. 3. Much more pectin was found in ginseng roots which was cultivated for shooter Period. And it was contained much more in the root than in the leaves and stems. 4. ginseng hemicellulose content in root was 5% to 10%. It was decreased with increasing: cultivated period. Hemicellulose was constituted of xylose, arabinose, glucose, rhamnose and xylose of these sugars was the predominant. 5. X-ray diffraction Pattern of ginseng cellulose showed maximum intensity at tile interplanar angle of 4.1$^{\circ}$.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.304-308
• /
• 1993

A platelet activating factor(PAF) antagonist ginkgolides produced from Ginkgo biloba are well known for their potential usage in septic shock and other PAF related diseases. Even though they are extracted from the leaves and on occasion the root bark, the exact biosynthetic site and pathway have not proved yet. In order to locate the enzymes involved and elucidate the biosynthetic site of the compounds, embryo-derived aseptic intact plantlet and plantlet without root have been cultured on 0.3% active carbon-containing solid Murashige and Skoog's medium. The leaves from the six-week-old normal plantlet contained similar amount of ginkgolide B to that of outdoor plant leaves, while the plantlets without root had less than 30% of the ginkgolide B compared to the in vitro intact plantlets. The results suggest that the ginkgolides may be synthesized in the root and transported to the aerial part.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.183-187
• /
• 2001

In order to obtain basic information for breeding varieties of Alisma plantago which is suitable for the southern part of Korea, nine local varieties were grown and yield components of plant were observed from Jun. 1999 to Dec. 1999 at farm field of Chonnam Sunchon Korea. Alisma plantago cv. Sunwol showed higher dry root yield than the other varieties used in the experiment. It showed relatively higher length of plant height and lower numbers of floral axis. Therefore, it was concluded that Sunwol was the most suitable variety with high yield and low floral axis at the southern part of Korea. The heritabilities of all observed characters were estimated to be large. Dry root yield was shown highly significant positive correlations with plant height and numbers of leaves. Dry root yield, plant height and numbers of leaves were shown negative correlation with number of floral axis and nursery leaves.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2019

Objectives : This study reviewed the antioxidant activity of each part of Portulacae Herba (PH) in order to better analyze the possibility of PH being used as a natural material. Methods : The root, stem, and leaves of the PH were separated, dried at $50^{\circ}C$, put in a 70% ethanol and then extracted three times every six hours. Antioxidant activities was performed by measuring the total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, DPPH, ABTS, nitrite, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating. Results : The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents was highest in the root, then the leaves, and lastly the stem. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities for the root extract indicated the highest activity followed by the leaf and stem extracts. It also showed similar activity to that of the ascorbic acid. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating activity resulted to be highest in the root extract and then the leaf and stem extracts. Nitrite scavenging activity decreased with higher pH levels, and activity was highest in the order of root extract, leaf extract, and stem extract. Also, in reaction to a solution with a pH 1.2 level, the root extract showed similar scavenging activity to that of BHT. Conclusions : Therefore, based on the above results, it was verified that the roots of PH have a high antioxidant level, and they can be considered to have potential to be applied to functional food, cosmetics, and medicine with antioxidant efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.311-317
• /
• 2017

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the antibiotic effects of leaves, stems, and roots in yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Antibacterial activity of leaf extract by disk diffusion method with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli respectively showed 13.3 and 13.75mm diameters of clear zone. There was no significant difference between the stems and leaves. The minimum inhibitory concentration of leaves' heating and agitation extraction showed a restrain of strain at 1mg/ml, but the stems and root extract did not appear. Yacon is a functional antibacterial material, and methanol extraction is more effective than water. This research was to investigate the growth stage of collection has the most effective antibacterial effects. It has collected yacon's leaves from June to October, which is an appropriate time for collection right before reaping. Yacon leaf has antibacterial effects on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, and Salmonella enteritifis. There were no significant differences by the growth stage of collection. Leaves collected in July are high in phenol which helps in sulfating activity works well considering the high scavenging capability of DPPH. Leaves collected in September are high in total flavonoid.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.345-350
• /
• 2003

A series of aqueous extracts and residues from leaves, stems, roots, pods and seeds of Korean black soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were assayed against alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to determine their allelopathic activities through petri-dish and greenhouse experiments, and the results showed highest inhibition in the extracts or residues from the seeds, and followed by pods. The extracts of 40g dry tissue $\textrm{L}^{-1}$ applied on filter paper in petri-dish bioassay significantly inhibited root growth of alfalfa, and especially extracts from seeds and pods reduced root length of alfalfa more than those from leaves, stems, or roots. Plant height, root length, shoot and root dry weights of barnyard grass were reduced significantly by residue incorporation of seeds and pods as the incorporated amount increased. These results suggest that black soybean plants had herbicidal potential, and their activities were exhibited differently depending on plant parts.