• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.366-375
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• 2017

Researching Stromatolites spread all over Gyeong-San, province Gyeongsangbukdo, it raise an objection for preservation of original state caused by natural weathering, artificial destruction, illegal emission and enviromental pollution. Stromatolites in Gyeong-San was formed on lake Meszoic era cretaceous. So it is representative rock of geological feature of sediment formed in water and landscape. It could be used as educational data on mesozoic stratum and earth surface, and resources of observation and experience program. It could apply as educational venue place in terms of Mesozoic era cretaceous motif. And it is managed various programs appling 4H (Healing, Hiking, Hand, History) experience program based on local community. And it is concerned software program introducing augumented reality, furthermore discuss with related field.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.421-431
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• 2018

Analyses of the three-storied stone pagoda at the Bulguksa temple in Gyeongju were carried out in order to identify the cause for material characteristics of inorganic contaminants and conservation treatment materials. Results indicated that foreign soil or weathering soil caused yellow discoloration of the pagoda, reddish-brown contaminants were formed by goethite (FeOOH), an iron oxide mineral, and black pollutants were formed by manganese (Mn) oxide, leading to discoloration of the rock. Among the restoration materials used in the past, cement mortar could cause whitening by reacting with the external environment. The results were used as basic standards to evaluate the material characteristics of the surface contaminants and identify a set of effective conservation treatments. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring is required, as there is a high possibility of regeneration of pollutants in the future because of the continuous exposure of the pagoda to the external environment.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.495-508
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• 1996

This study had three purposes: (1) to investigate dispersion and enrichment level of potentially toxic elements; (2) to identify uranium-bearing minerals in black shales; and (3) to assess the chemical speciation of heavy metals in soils and sediments. Rock, surface soil and stream sediment samples were collected in the Chungjoo area covered with black shales in Korea. These samples were analyzed for multi-elements using INAA and ICP-AES. The maximum abundance of U in black shales is 56 ppm and radioactivity counts up to 240CPM. Molybdenum, V, Ba, Cu, and Pb are enriched in black shales and most of soils show high concentrations of U, Mo, Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn. Concentrations of potentially toxic elements decrease in the order of mountain soil > farmland soil > paddy soil. Enrichment index of soils and sediments are calculated and higher than 1.0 in the black shale area with the highest value of 6.1. In order to identify U-bearing minerals, electron probe micro analysis was applied, and uraninite and brannerite in black shale were found. Uraninite grains are closely associated with monazite or pyrite with the size of $2{\mu}m$ to $10{\mu}m$ in diameter whereas brannerite occurs as $50{\mu}m$ euhedral grains. With the results of sequential extraction scheme, residual fractions of Cu, Pb and Zn in soils are mainly derived from weathering of black shale but Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments are present as non-residual fractions. Lead is predominantly present as oxidizable phase in soils whereas Zn is in exchageable/water-acid soluble phase in sediments.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.225-239
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• 2016

The Jeogchung Chogye Basin shows perfect basin formation surrounded with divides, excluding outlet where Sannae River combining various small rivers escapes the basin. High mountains distribute at southwestern, southern and southeastern divides of the basin consisting of hornfels, while hilly mountains are found at northern divide consisting of sedimentary rock. Alluvial fans and flood plains occupy bottom of the basin. While extensive alluvial fans are found at the front of southern divide where rivers with large drainage areas rise, alluvial fans toward eastern and western divides become small due to low elevation of divides. Flood deposits by Hwang River are attributed to development for most of flood plains at northern part of the basin. The basin seems to be developed not by differential erosion or meteorite impact, but by bedrock weathering along lineament or fault lines by ground motion.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.4218-4225
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• 1976

To insure the safety of the drainage sluice, topogrophical change due to erosion as well as capability of discharging the design flow in a very important factor. In consideration of the fact that the drainage sluice is built in the sea, its construction has many topographically restricted problems and naturally requires a completeness of research and experiment. This thesis is a comparative and analytic study of discharging flow acting on the erosion at the bottom of the structure on the basis of the measured velocity on the downstream channel of the drainage sluice. (1) The measured velocity shows a little higher values than the computed velocity, because the measured velocity was observed at the surface of the stream. There fore, it is reasonable that the compated velocity should be taken in this study. (2) The field observation was conducted to have the measurement of the flow velocity without surveying the area of flow. Therefore, the coefficient of discharge could not be computed. The survey of the area of flow is planned to be conducted along with the measurement of the flow velocity. (3) The apron of the drainage sluice is free discharging type and it was designed to be about 80m in length less than it should be. (4) The apron of free flow discharging type should have a solid foundation to protect the structure by preventing erosion damage to upstream and downstream channels against weathering of rock and strong torrent. Whether free flow discharging type or energy-dissipating type is best chosen depends on the topographical condition of the forage site, therefore, there would be a comparative study before the final decision was made about the protrection for the structure. (5) It is considered to be appropriate that the design and construction of the drainage sluice should have a complete study which is based on hydraulie model test before the type of protection is decided. (6) It is much requested that a variety of experiment equipments be installed and observed to study the protection for the drainage sluice.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.221-230
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• 2004

Flora of the Dokdo Islet, where located south-east from Ulnung Island, off the east coast of the Korean peninsula, recorded as 59 taxa; 29 families, 50 genus, 48 species, 1 sub-species, 9 varieties and 1 form. Dong-do (East islet) of Dokdo Islet, naturalized plants such as Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nipp-oleitera and Rumex crispus are widely ranged over the islet. The naturalizedplants affects the native species and their habitats of Artemisia japonica var. macrocephala, Echinochloa crus-galli, Sedum oryzifolium, Arabis stelleri var. japonica and Sedum kamtschaticum var takesimense in the islet. The trail in Seo-do (West islet) is heavily threatened by over-all weathering processes on the rock. The native woody species in the islet are Euonymous japonicus and Lonicera insularis, and the species such as Pinus thunbergii and Hibiscus syriacus are planted in the recent past under the IRP (Islet Restoration Program) by NGO. The Specific Plants, which is designated and categorized by the Ministry of Environment, Korea, such as Lilium lancifolium, Lysimachia mauritiana and Reynoutria sachalinensis are ranged. The ecosystem of Dokdo islet is seriously threatened by invadedplant species and building works for garrison and relevant facilities. The over-all long- and short-term strategies, based on interdisciplinary and integrated approaches for habitat restoration is needed.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-19
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• 2014

This study considers the proper repair techniques by examining the most representative repair cases of the Korean arch bridges and proposes the constructional manual which can apply similar occasions. The cases are Seonamsa Seungseongyo and Songgwangsa Geukrockgyo where this researcher had taken part in the repair works. This Study proposes the maintenance construction manual about the performance degradation drew by performance degradation of the both Korean arch bridges in the maintenance process. First, arch bridge maintenance should be carried out in the dry season, when water is impermeable in the bottom surface of the bridge. Moreover, risk factors of the maintenance should be excluded to secure the water vally flow, the bypass and the temporary bridge. Second, prior to repair, it has to precede (1)3D shooting (2)formal examination (3)structure safety test (4)geological and lithic surveys (5)arch curvature establishment and makeshift frame settlement before transformation (6)relationship expert comments. Third, if the baduk and the foundation stones are inevitable to replace due to performance degradation on the foundation, it should use the high quality stones and secure greater stress by extending the standard range. The foundation on irregular rock needs to be flattened and underside on the replaced materials require Grengyijil to deliver the equal loads. Fourth, In the process of dismantling the stones of the arched bridge, it could make heavy weathering degree and not reuse the materials. Charge should converge the expert advices to choose the reuseable, the conservate and the alternative materials, and increase the reutilization of the raw materials by preservation and reinforcement treatments. Fifth, the side wall should be repaired by the rubble work technique which is not able to pile compost satiety, so it must use long depth of masonary stones for reinforcement. It is considered to reinforce the stone wall in shore as much as possible and protect the abutment and the side wall on the upstream for the arch bridge maintenance works.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.11 no.1 s.14
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• pp.1-14
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• 2002

After the construction (1398 year at first, secondarily reconstructed at 1448 year), the Soongryemoon (South Gate) had been preserved to late 19c without large damages. The present shape of the gate have been kept after the repairments of two times (1953, 1963). However, the rocks constituting the walls of the gate have been strongly weathered, exfoliated and cracked due to severe changes in the environment as traffic increase, air pollution and the subway which may seem also to cause the structural unstability. The rocks composed of the walls of the gate are almost of granites. On the rocks such deteriorations as onion structure, surface exfoliation, cracks, and edge breakout are developed. These deteriorations may be caused genetically by strong weathering, differential load due to possibly structural unstability, impact and unknown reasons. For the establishment of conservation plan, the factors of these deterioration phenomena and structural unstability must be quantitatively analyzed and diagnosed in detail.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2023

While numerous previous studies investigated the provenance and tectonic history of the Gyeongsang Supergroup, less are known about other Cretaceous strata in South Korea. This study presents preliminary results from petrographic analysis of the Cretaceous Icheonri Formation distributed in Gijang-gun, Busan. Based on the immature texture and composition of the Icheonri sediments, we interpret that they were derived from weakly denudated Cretaceous arc volcanoes developed along the eastern margin of the Asian continent, with limited weathering and transport. Additionally, the presence of chrome spinel grains in the sediments suggests the existence of ultramafic bodies exposed in their provenance. Further studies will advance our understanding of the tectonic developments in the southeastern Gyeongsang Basin, and facilitate a comprehensive correlation between the Icheonri Formation and the Gyeongsang Supergroup.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-121
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• 2010

Mt. Mudeung is located in Gwangju city, Damyang-Gun, Hwasun-Gun and its round form give us the mood of soft and rich. Its location is $126^{\circ}06'-127^{\circ}01'E$ and $35^{\circ}06'-35^{\circ}10'N$ and its highest peak is Cheonwang-bong with the height of 1,187 m. The Gwangju city is located in the West of Mt. Mudeng and the mountain range with a small basin in its East. The pavilion such as the Soswaewon, Songganjeong, Sigyongjeong are distributed along the stream in the north of Mt. Mudeung. The mountain is formed from the volcanic activity, Gwangju cauldron during the Cretaceous. The top part of Mt. Mudeung is composed of dark gray quartz-andesite and its K-Ar whole rock age is $48.1{\pm}1.7Ma$. The composition of the north area, where the Wonhyosa temple is located, is micrographic granite, whereas the composition of south area is rhyolite mainly. The main ridge of Mt. Mudeung runs from North, starting from the Bukbong, to south, passing Cheonwangbong, Jangbuljae and ending Anyangsan. Geologic feature of the mountain includes volcanic landform, mountaineous landform, and stream landform. The Seosukdae, Ipseokdae, Gyubongam, which are main ridges and formed from volcanic activity, are composed of mainly columnar joint. Saeinbong and Majipbong in the south-west are composed of mainly cliff and dome. The typical erosion landform of the mountain has three different types of the weathering-cave, each of which reflect the property of the original rock. Four different area of wide block stream, they makes the geological feature of spring-water, though its scale is small compared to that of water fall.