• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.351-359
• /
• 2016

Background: We investigated the optimal aqueous extraction conditions for recovery of high yields of total phenolic compounds from roots of Arctium lappa L. (burdock, Asteraceae), and we compared their antioxidant capacity. Methods and Results: The antioxidant activity of the extracts was tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-diammonium salt, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays. In addition, the major phenolic compounds present in the extracts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Our results suggest that the roasted burdock $100^{\circ}C$, 15 min extract exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity and possessed the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. The polyphenol content of both dried burdock and roasted burdock significantly increased with increase in the extraction temperature and time. Conclusions: These results indicated a relationship between phenolic compound levels in burdock and their free radical scavenging activities. This suggests that phenolic compounds significantly increase the antioxidant potential of burdock extracts.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.286-297
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth of lactic acid bacteria and quality characteristics of Baechu kimchi prepared with four types of salt (Solar salt, Flower salt, Hanju salt, and Roasted salt) at two different concentrations (10, 15%) during storage. The quality characteristics of kimchi were examined by investigating acid production, growth of lactic acid bacteria, sensory properties, salinity, texture, and color characteristics. Baechu kimchi was fermented for 18 days at $10^{\circ}C$. The pH and total acidity did not change during storage according to type and concentration of salt. Growth of lactic acid bacteria was not affected by type of salt, whereas it was inhibited at 15% salt concentration after 9 days of fermentation. In the quantitative descriptive analysis of sensory properties, kimchi prepared with 10% salt showed significantly higher scores in term of overall acceptability (p<0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference by type of salt. For texture characteristics, hardness of kimchi prepared with 10% salt was significantly higher than that with 20% salt. For color characteristics, L value (brightness) and b values (yellowness) of kimchi prepared with 10% salt increased during fermentation, whereas a value (redness) did not change by type and concentration of salt. The results of this study show that there were no considerable differences in quality characteristics of Baechu kimchi prepared with various types and concentrations of salt. However, Solar salt resulted in more favorable sensory properties and salinity of kimchi than any other types. Further, kimchi prepared with 10% salt showed significantly higher scores in terms of overall acceptability, growth of lactic acid bacteria, salinity, texture, and color characteristics.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.360-364
• /
• 1998

전라북도내에서 생산된 천일염, 재제염, 가공염(구운소금, 죽염)의 pH, 수분 , NaCl, $SO_{4}^{-}$, 물불용성분, 산불용성분, Ca, Mg, Pb, Cd, Hg를 분석하였다. 평균 pH는 천일염 8.00, 재제염 6.80, 구운소금 9.93, 죽염 10.35로 죽염의 pH가 가장 높았고 평균 수분은 천일염 10.7%, 재제염 5.65%, 구운소금 0.04%, 죽염이 0.13%로 천일염이 가장 높았다. 평균 NaCl 함량은 천일염 84.3%, 재제염 96.0%, 구운소금 96.6%, 죽염 95.5%로 천일염이 가장 낮았고 $SO_{4}^{-}$ 평균 함량은 천일염 3.0%, 재제염 0.84%, 구운소금 1.53%, 죽염이 0.59%로 천일염이 가장 높았다. 물불용성분은 천일염 0.14%, 재제염 0.001%, 구운소금 1.08%, 죽염이 1.98%로 죽염이 가장 높았고 산불용분은 천일염 0.08%, 재제염 0.001% 이하, 구운소금 0.11%,죽염이 0.21%로 물불용분 보다는 낮았다, 칼슘은 천일염 0.213%, 재제염 0.038%, 구운소금 0.163%, 죽염이 0.21%로 물불용분 보다는 낮았다. 칼슘은 천일염 0.123%, 재제염 0.038%, 구운소금 0.163%, 죽염이 0.198%로 천일염이 가장 높았고 마그네슘은 천일염 1.078%, 재제염 0.111%, 구운소금 0.478%, 죽염이 0.565%로 천일염이 가장 높았다. 납은 천일염 0.78 ppm, 재제염 0.45 ppm, 구운소금 0.9 ppm, 죽염이 1.15 ppm로 죽염이 가장 높았고 카드뮴, 비소, 수은은 천일염, 재제염, 가공염(구운소금, 죽염)에서 모두 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 전라북도 내에서 생산되는 각종 소금의 일반성분의 함량은 차이가 있었으나 중금속을 중심으로 한 안전성에서는 문제가 없었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제26권6호
• /
• pp.554-561
• /
• 2011

The nutritional value of kimchi is gaining global focus along with new possibilities and uses for the various salts used in making kimchi. The purpose of the study is to conduct research on the uses of various salts and investigate the consumer recognition of salt use in kimchi preparation. The findings are from 824 consumers over 19 years old from 15 locations who participated in this questionnaire via one-to-one interviews from September 23rd to October 14th, 2009. The results of the questionnaire show that when customers cooked, 71.9% used solar salt, 62.2% used flower salt (refined salt), 27.4% used Hanju salt (purified salt), 59.0% used processed salt (roasted salt), 47.4% used bamboo salt, 69.4% used Mat salt (table salt), and 18.2% used low sodium salt. The most preferred origin of salts was domestic. Most customers salted Chinese cabbage while preparing kimchi. Consumers showed low perceptions of different salts used in kimchi production, and did not exactly recognize the characteristics of various salts. The preferences for domestic and solar salts were very high, while the preference for sea salts was low. In conclusion, various types of salts could improve the quality of kimchi. This study hopes to help consumers produce better kimchi to match different needs. Therefore, attention should be paid to promoting the characteristics of various salts influencing the quality of kimchi.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제43권7호
• /
• pp.1048-1054
• /
• 2014

소금의 이산화황 발생 원인을 구명하기 위하여 갯벌천일염 (MSS)과 구운 소금(RS)의 시간 경과(RS1, RS2, RS3 및 RS4)에 따른 일반성분, 중금속, 무기질 함량을 분석하고 이산화황 발생 및 각 소금의 환원력을 비교 분석하였다. 이산화황과 아황산은 모두 검출되지 않았으며, 황산이온은 MSS 및 RS에서 각각 35,601.65 ppm과 29,878.15~36,097.45 ppm으로 시간이 지날수록 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다. ORP는 MSS(181.15 mV)에서 가장 낮았고 RS1(58.55 mV)에서 가장 높았다. 수분은 MSS가 9.34%였으나 RS에서 크게 감소되었으며, RS의 NaCl은 94.77~95.77%로 증가되었다. RS 시간 경과에 따라 수분과 염도에 차이는 없었다. 불용분과 사분은 MSS에 비해 RS에서 더 높은 함량을 나타내었고 Ca, K, Mg는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. MSS에 비해 RS의 Cl(556,487.5~612,305.0 ppm) 함량이 높았으며, Br은 MSS(628.1 ppm)에서 더 높은 함량을 나타내었으나 $NO_3$는 모두 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. MSS에 비해 RS에서 Pb, As, Hg가 높게 나타났으나 Pb, As, Cd, Hg에서 기준치 이상의 검출은 없었다. MSS와 RS의 Co, Cu, Se, U는 차이가 없었으나 Li, Al, Mn, Fe, Sr은 RS에서 더 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, Mn은 굽는 시간 경과에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 MSS와 RS에서 인체에 유해한 영향을 미치는 이산화황 발생은 없었으며, RS 시간 경과에 따른 이산화황 발생도 없는 것으로 나타났다. 중금속의 위해성은 안전 수준이며, 이외 발생될 수 있는 잠재적인 위해성에 대한 관심이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.72-80
• /
• 2007

다양한 소금의 첨가가 제빵 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 기계염, 국산 천일염, 중국산 천일염, 멕시코산 천일염, 구운 소금, 죽염을 첨가하여 반죽과 식빵을 제조하고 각각의 특성을 조사하였다. Farinograph로 측정한 반죽의 흡수율은 소금의 첨가로 감소하였으며, 기계염의 경우가 흡수율 감소가 작아 가장 높은 흡수율을 나타내었다. 반죽의 면적과 저항면에서는 국산, 중국산, 멕시코산 천일염과 죽염 등이 크게 나타나 우수한 제빵적성을 보였다. Amylograph로 측정한 paste의 최고점도는 기계 염, 천일염, 세척탈수염 첨가군은 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 구운 소금과 죽염 첨가군은 다소 높았다. 식빵의 비용적은 국산 천일염 첨가군이 4.11 mL/g으로 가장 작았으며 멕시코산 천일염 첨가군은 4.85 mL/g으로 부피 증가가 가장 컸다. 빵의 무게는 국산 천일염 첨가군에서 412.4g으로 가장 높아 굽기 손실율 에서 국산 천일염 첨가군(10.34%)이 다른 첨가군(10.91$\sim$11.65%)에 비해 낮았다. 식빵의 색도에서는 국산 천일염 첨가군의 경우 빵 껍질의 명도가 크고 적색도가 낮았고, 빵내부의 황색도는 높았으며, 다른 첨가군은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 저장 초기의 식빵의 경도는 세척 탈수염 첨가군이 가장 낮았고 중국산 천일염 첨가군이 가장 높았으며 저장기간 1, 3, 5일 경과함에 따라 멕시코산 천일염과 중국산 천일염 첨가군은 경도가 크게 증가했다. 식빵의 관능검사 결과 소금의 종류에 따른 식빵의 내 외부적 제품 특성에서 국산 천일염 첨가군과 멕시코산 천일염 첨가군이 유의적 차이를 보였으며 향, 맛, 전체적인 기호도에서는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.558-563
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Most Koreans consume nearly 70-80% of the total sodium through their dishes. The use of a salinometer to measure salinity is recommended to help individuals control their sodium intake. The purpose of this study was to compare sodium content through chemical analysis and salinity measurement in foods served by industry foodservice operations and homemade meals. MATERIALS/METHODS: Workplace and homemade meals consumed by employees in 15 cafeterias located in 8 districts in Daegu were collected and the sodium content was measured through chemical analysis and salinity measurements and then compared. The foods were categorized into 9 types of menus with 103 workplace meals and 337 homemade meals. RESULTS: Workplace meals did not differ significantly in terms of sodium content per 100 g of food but had higher sodium content via chemical analysis in roasted foods per portion. Homemade meals had higher broth salt content and higher salt content by chemical analysis per 100 g of roasted foods and hard-boiled foods. One-dish workplace meals had higher salinity (P < 0.05), while homemade broths and stews had higher sodium content (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). The sodium content per 100 g of foods was higher in one-dish workplace meals (P < 0.05) and in homemade broths and stews (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a salinometer may be recommended to estimate the sodium content in foods and control one's sodium intake within the daily intake target as a way to promote cooking bland foods at home. However, estimated and actual measured values may differ.

• 한국조리학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2014

본 연구는 소금과 새우젓 함량을 달리하여 제조한 달걀찜의 수분, 색도, pH, texture 분석 및 관능평가(특성차이검사와 기호도 검사)를 통한 품질특성을 조사하였다. 연구 결과 달걀찜의 수분 함량은 새우젓 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소한 반면 pH는 새우젓 첨가가 증가함에 따라 함께 증가하였다. 색도에서 L값과 b값은 새우젓 함량이 증가함에 따라 둘다 감소하였다. Texture에서는 경도, 씹힘성, 검성의 항목에서 새우젓 함량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 결과를 보였다. 관능평가의 특성차이 검사 결과 외관(노란색, 보드라운 느낌)은 새우젓 함량이 증가할수록 낮게 나타났다. 달걀비린 냄새를 제외한 대부분의 향미특성(구운 견과류 냄새, 비린 냄새, 구운 견과류 맛, 짠맛, 비린 맛, 감칠맛)에서는 새우젓 함량이 증가함에 따라 결과도 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 기호도 평가 결과에서는 소금과 새우젓 함량이 동일한 비율로 첨가된 달걀찜에서 가장 높은 기호도를 보였다. 따라서 소금과 새우젓의 비율을 1:1로 맞추는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다. 연구의 결과는 향후 달걀찜 제조 및 달걀 관련 요리 연구에 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제22권3호통권93호
• /
• pp.386-395
• /
• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and attitudes held by dietitians on seasoned processed meats. The questionnaires were distributed to x (Ed- give the sample size) dietitians at business foodservice operations in Kyungnam province. According to survey, 37.5% of the dietitians answered that it is 'very necessary' to develop seasoned processed meat products. Regarding desired product characteristics, the dietitians were asked about reduced additive use, good hygienic quality, nutritious and healthy quality, low salt content and adequate supply of nutritional information. Over half of the dietitians (59.2%) preferred Korean style seasoned processed meats. The cooking types of Korean seasoned processed meats chosen as new developments were steamed (21.3%), roasted (20.6%) and pilled (18.1%), while the expected frequencies of product usage were in the order of grilled (18.8%), roasted (15.6%), and fried (14.4%). The dietitians wanted no or only little increase in the price compared to current commercial products, units packed in 1 or 3kg sizes and a shelf life under refrigerated or frozen storage of 3-7 days. A minority of the dietitians (40.6%) responded positively to buy the seasoned processed meats if the products meet their needs.

• 인간식물환경학회지
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.455-464
• /
• 2020

Background and objective: This study was conducted to examine changes in the composition and physiological activity of Gardenia Fructus after being roasted. Methods: The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activity of Gardenia Fructus was evaluated using the Gardenia Fructus (GF) and roasted Gardenia Fructus (RGF) ethanol extracts, and their components were analyzed through HPLC. Results: As a result, it was confirmed that the content of gardenoside and geniposide decreased and the content of genipin increased when GF was roasted. The total content of polyphenols was 54.5 ± 2.18 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of the GF extract and 69.6 ± 0.36 mg GAE per gram of the RGF extract. As a result of evaluating 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, both the GF and RGF extracts showed the similar activity to ascorbic acid at the concentrations of 1 mg/mL or higher. In RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the RGF extract showed a higher effect of reducing NO production, and significantly reduced the expression of an inflammatory cytokine, IL-6. As a result of evaluating the antimicrobial activity, the RGF extract showed higher antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In the dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) induced inflammatory bowel disease mouse model, the RGF extract reduced the weight of the spleen, and both the GF and RGF extracts reduced the number of bacteria in the colon. Conclusion: Therefore, it has been confirmed through this study that roasting at a high temperature changes the main components of the GF extract and increases its biological activity. The RGF extract is expected to be used as a natural material with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.