• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1005-1009
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidative effect of kimchi on the lipid oxidation of cooked meat in model systems. Four model systems of cooked ground meat(CGM). CGM-water(W), CGM-brine(B) and CGM-kimchi(K) were prepared and their oxidation behaviours were evaluated during the storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 5 weeks. Thiobarbituric acid values and peroxide values of the systems of CGM, CGM-B and CGM-W increased significantly with the storage time, however, those values of CGM-K were hardly changed during the time of 5 weeks storage. Antioxidative effect of CGM-K increased with the addition level of kimchi in system. And also in the model systems which were prepared with cooked ground meat and kimchi whose fermentation period is different, the antioxidative effect of well ripened and properly fermented kimchi was higher than that of unripened kimchi during the lipid oxidation process of model systems. These results suggested that kimchi especially the properly femented kimchi in the systems plays an important roles as an antioxidative activity on the lipid oxidation of cooked ground meat.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1013-1020
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• 1997

To elicit the effect of fermentation on food quality of the watery Chinese cabbage pickles without fish sauce and red pepper paste(Baik-kimchi), changes in physicochemical properties and microstructure of fiber components were studied. Better water holding capacity(WHC) was showed in Baik-kimchi fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ than that of Baik-kimchi fermented at 5$^{\circ}C$. WHC measured at pH 2 and 6 were ranged from 10.18 to 16.79g/g dried sample for Baik-kimchi fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ and 6.51~14.58g/g dried sample for sample for samples at 5$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The higher WHC was resulted in pH controlled freeze-dried sample to pH 6 than that measured in pH 2 sample. The settling volume(SV) and oil adsorption capacity(OAC) increased with fermentation period and kept the same value for a little while, but slightly decreased in the over ripening period. Baik-kimchi fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ exhibited more shrunk microstructure of parenchyma cell and xylem than those of Baik-kimchi fermented at 5$^{\circ}C$. The appearance of SDF of the both Baik-kimchi ripened at 5$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ could give granular shape, whereas the overripened Baik-kimchi had smooth surface of SDF. On the other hand, the IDF retained the original shape during fermentation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제65권4호
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• pp.321-327
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• 2022

본 연구는 생김치, 적숙기 및 과숙기 상태의 세 가지 발효단계별 김치의 이화학적 특성과 항산화 활성에 대해 알아보았다. pH 및 산도 측정을 통해 생김치(pH 5.6, 산도 0.3%), 적숙기 김치(pH 4.3, 산도 0.64%), 과숙기 김치(pH 3.7, 산도 1.24%)를 시료로 사용하였다. 발효가 진행될수록 glucosinolate의 함량이 증가하였으며, 특히 생김치, 적숙기 김치, 과숙기 김치의 glucoraphanin 함량이 가장 높았다. 뿐만 아니라, 발효가 진행되면서 항산화 물질로 알려진 glucoraphanin, sulforaphane, 및 총 폴리페놀 함량이 증가하였다. 발효단계별 김치 시료의 항산화 활성을 측정한 결과, 100, 250, 500 ㎍/mL의 농도에서 생김치에 비해 적숙기와 과숙기 김치의 DPPH radical 소거능이 우수하게 나타났으며, ·OH radical 소거능을 측정하였을 때 모든 농도(100, 250, 500, 1000 ㎍/mL)에서 적숙기와 과숙기 김치가 생김치에 비해 우수한 소거능을 나타낸 것으로 보아 김치의 발효가 진행될수록 radical 소거능이 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 이는 생김치에 비해 발효과정을 거친 적숙기 및 과숙기 김치가 glucosinolate, sulforaphane, 총 폴리페놀 함량이 증가하여 항산화 활성이 높게 나타난 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2011

Kimchi is a group of traditional fermented vegetable foods in Korea and known to be the product of a natural mixed-fermentation process carried out principally by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). According to microbial results based on conventional identification, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Lactobacillus plantarum were considered to be responsible for the good taste and over-ripening of kimchi, respectively. However, with the application of phylogenetic identification, based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene similarities, a variety of Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus species not detected in the previous studies have been isolated, together with a species in the genus Weissella. Additionally, Lactobacillus sakei has been accepted as the most populous LAB in over-ripened kimchi. In this study, Leuconostoc and Weissella species inhibiting the growth of Lb. sakei were isolated from kimchi for future applications to do with kimchi fermentation. From 25 kimchi samples, 378 strains in the genera Leuconostoc and Weissella were isolated and 68 strains identified as Lc. mesenteroides, Lc. citreum, Lc. lactis, W. cibaria, W. confusa, and W. paramesenteroides exhibited growth inhibition against Lb. sakei. Most of the strains also had antagonistic activities against Lb. brevis, Lb. curvatus, Lb. paraplantarum, Lb. pentosus, and Lb. plantarum. Their antagonistic activities against Lb. sakei were more remarkable at lower temperatures of incubation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.84-88
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated antimutagenic and anticancer activities of leaf mustard (LM, Brassica juncea) and leaf mustard kimchi (LMK) during their fermentation period. Methanol extracts were prepared from raw mustard, brined leaf mustard in 10% Gueun salt solution for 2 hrs, leaf mustard fermented at 15$^{\circ}C$ for 5 days after brined in 10% Guenun salt solution for 2 hrs (Fr-LM), fresh leaf mustard kimchi (Fresh-LMK) and optimally ripened leaf mustard kimchi fermented at 5$^{\circ}C$ for 30 days (OR-LMK). OR-LMK showed the strongest inhibitory activities against the mutagenicities induced by aflatoxin B1 in Salmonella Typhimurium TA100. LMs and LMKs inhibited the survival or growth of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells and HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells in MTT assay and growth inhibition test. Among the extracts, OR-LMK and FR-LM exhibited strong antiproliferative effect against cancer cells, especially HT-29 cells. DAPI staining assay showed that OR-LMK induced apoptosis cell death of HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that leaf mustards and leaf mustard kimchi have chemopreventive activities.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.607-614
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• 2010

Changes in major volatile odor components (VOC) and sensory properties of kimchi during ripening for 4 days were investigated, and major VOCs of the raw materials of kimchi were also analyzed. Seven of eight major VOCs of kimchi originated mainly from garlic, while one originated from ginger. During 4 days of kimchi ripening, the amount of ethanol, which was substantially higher than that of other VOCs, increased continuously but decreased slightly on the fourth day. The amount of diallyl disulfide decreased during ripening, while that of allyl mercaptan decreased on the first day and increased slightly thereafter. The amount of methyl allyl sulfide, diallyl sulfide, and methyl trisulfide increased continuously during ripening, while that of dimethyl disulfide and methyl propyl disulfide increased until the second day and decreased thereafter. Scores of overall acceptability, taste, and odor for kimchi ripened for 2 days were significantly higher than those of other samples (p<0.05). The correlation between scores of overall acceptability and the amount of dimethyl disulfide or methyl propyl disulfide was higher than that of other VOCs.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.907-917
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the recognition, utilization, preference and application of kimchi, as well as to evaluate the recognition and requirement for commercial kimchi to university students. A questionnaire was answered by 180 (44.0%) male and 229 (56.0%) female university students in Daegu. The methods used to analyze the items were frequency analysis, Chi-squared tests and t-tests. Most of the respondents reported that they liked kimchi and had a preference for ripened kimchi In addition, most students were likely to cook kimchi by pan-broiling which indicates that the development of kimchi designed for pan-broiling may lead to an increase in the intake of kimchi. The recognition and utilization of commercial kimchi abutted through wholesale market very much, and were buying The marketing points that could most increase the sales of kimchi appeared to be 'hygiene' and 'standardization of taste and ageing' for male students 42 (23.7%) and 'hygiene' for female students 94 (41.4%) (p<0.01). All students responded that among marketing techniques for the sale of kimchi, diversification of taste, and increasing the recognition of kimchi were the most important parameters for aggressive globalization of the sale of kimchi. Therefore, the consumption of kimchi will increase in response to changes a dietary life style and activation is a plan getting done, and it is thought consumption of a kimchi to reflect these results well.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2007

Physicochemical properties of commercial long-term fermented kimchies which are widely available in Korea were investigated. The commercial long-term fermented kimchies were fermented almost more than 6 months. Average values for saltiness, pH and acidity of the long-term fermented kimchies were $3.0{\pm}0.5%$, $4.0{\pm}0.2$, and $1.88{\pm}0.76%$, respectively. The long-term fermented kimchi showed similar Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacillus sp. counts as baechu kimchi ripened properly during fermentation. The amount of Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacillus sp. of the long-term fermented kimchi were $10^{7\sim8}$ CFU/mL and $10^{4\sim7}$ CFU/mL, respectively. The long-term fermented kimchi showed $0.32{\pm}0.18$ lightness, $1.73{\pm}0.98$ redness, $0.52{\pm}0.31$ yellowness. Long-term fermented kimchi showed higher lightness, redness, yellowness than well-fermented standardized baechu kimchi. Breaking strength of long-term fermented kimchi was higher than that of well-fermented standard baechu kimchi.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제23권1호통권97호
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• pp.78-82
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• 2007

Yulmoo Kimchi becomes sour without carbonated taste when ripened at room temperature after being placed under cold temperature. The carbonated taste of Kimchi is reported to come from the hetero lactic fermentation of Leuconostoc strains. Yulmoo extract was made with methanol and added to four lactic bacteria strains originating from kimchi. The bacteria were also subjected to $1^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours as a cold shock treatment. after which Leuconostoc mesenteroide subsp. dextranicum KCCM 40708, Lactobacillus brevis KCTC 3102, Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC 3108, and Leuconostoc lactics KCTC 3528 strains showed a growth inhibition with the addition of Yulmoo extract at the concentration of 250-4,000 ppm. Leuconostoc mesenteroide subsp. dextranicum KCCM 40708, Lactobacillus brevis KCTC 3102, Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC 3108, and Leuconostoc lactics KCTC 3528, a strains appearing at the early stage of Kimchi fermentation, showed a higher growth inhibition following Yulmoo treatment in combination with the cold shock.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.355-362
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• 1998

적외선을 발생하는 생광석 분말을 0, 10, 20, 30 및 40%를 함유하는 폴리에틸렌필름(PFRO)을 제작하여 그 특성을 조사하는 한편 김치를 포장하여 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 대장균을 비롯한 균수와 품질변화를 조사하였다. pH와 산도의 변화로 평가한 숙성정도는 PFRO포장김치가 대조구에 비하여 숙성이 촉진되는 경향을 나타내었으나 숙성된 김치맛을 띠는 총기간은 길었다. PFRO포장김치는 대조구에 비하여 젖산균 수는 많으면서 대장균수는 현저하게 적었으며, L*값은 전반적으로 낮은 반면 a*, b*값은 높았다. PFRO포장김치는 대조구에 비하여 숙성 숙성초기부터 숙성된 맛과 적당한 아삭아삭한 맛을 나타내었으며, 종합적인 맛의 평가치가 높게 유지되는 일수가 길었다. 김치 포장에 적합한 생광석 함유율은 10-20%이었다.