• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.421-425
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• 2017

In 2016, grape fruits showing ripe rot symptom were found in fields of Korea. The fungus was isolated and identified as Colletotrichum viniferum based on morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ${\beta}$-tubulin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. viniferum causing grape ripe rot disease of grape fruits in Korea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.227-230
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• 2003

Ripe rot was commonly found in overripe kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa) during a disease survey conducted in Jeju and Jeonnam provinces in Korea in 1999. While the disease did not manifest any clear external symptoms on kiwifruits, it caused portion of the fruit surface to collapse. Watersoaked flesh tissue could be seen on the sunken part when the skin of the collapsed portion was peeled off. The milky internal symptom with dark green margin developed concentrically as the fruit ripened. A species of Botryosphaeria was consistently isolated from lesions showing typical symptoms of ripe rot on kiwifruit, and its pathogenicity was confirmed by artificial inoculation test on healthy kiwifruits. The fungus was also pathogenic to apple and pear. The mycological characteristics of the fungus were consistent with those of Botryosphaeria dothidea. This is the first report on the detailed mycological characteristics of the causal organism of post-harvest ripe rot of kiwifruit in Korea.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1962

Ripe rot, caused by Glomerlla cingulata is the most destructive disease of grapes in korea. this experiment was to determine the most effective control teratment for ripe rot of grapes. The variety, Campbell Early, was used in the trials planted on land managed by the Pomology Section of the Horticultural Experiment Station. This experiment indicated that Tuzet and Delan-wp were most effective in the control of ripe rot of grapes either with or without bagging in 1962.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2021

Ripe rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is one of the serious diseases of postharvest kiwifruit. In order to control ripe rot on Actinidia chinensis cultivar 'Zesy002', several commercial agrofungicides were selected by an antifungal test on an artificial medium. Furthermore, disease suppression by the selected fungicides was evaluated on the kiwifruit by inoculation with a conidial suspension of B. dothidea. On the artificial media containing boscalid + fludioxonil was shown to be the most effective antifungal activity. However, in the bio-test pyraclostrobin + boscalid and iminoctadinetris were the most effective agrochemicals on the fruit. On the other hand, the infection structures of B. dothidea on kiwifruit treated with pyraclostrobin + boscalid were observed with a fluorescent microscope. Most of the fungal conidia had not germinated on the kiwifruit treated with the agrochemicals whereas on the untreated fruit the fungal conidia had mostly germinated. Electron microscopy of the fine structures showed morphological changes to the conidia and branch of hyphae on the kiwifruit pre-treated with pyraclostrobin + boscalid, indicating its suppression effect on fungal growth. Based on this observation, it is suggested that ripe rot by B. dothidea may be suppressed through the inhibition of conidial germination on the kiwifruit treated with the agrochemicals.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.140-144
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• 2001

Occurrence of ripe rot in Vitis vinifera cv, Campbell Early was examined at Daegu, Yaungchon, and Kimchon in Kyungbuk province, Korea from 1997 through 1999. Its occurrence was related to rainfall days in July and Auguest. In cv, Campbell Early, the disease started in late July, and increased rapidly from mid August. Considering the incubation time, the pathogen infection might have increased from late July, which was confirmed by wrapping grape clusters in field and in vitro tests. By scanning electron microscopy, it took 24 h or longer for infection to occur in moisturized conditions. Chlrorothalonyl WP (500$\times$) sufficiently reduced ripe rot disease when the chemical was sprayed 3 or 4 times during the growing season.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2018

Ripe rot, Botrytis storage rot and Sclerotinia rot are major fungal diseases that lead to deterioration of fruit quality in Korea. Ripe rot, which is caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, affects harvested fruits during post-storage ripening, while Botrytis storage rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea, affects harvested fruits during cold storage, and Sclerotinia rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, mainly affects immature fruits on the trees. Major fungal fruit rots tend to affect yellow- and red-fleshed cultivars of kiwifruit more severely because of the sharp increase in their cultivation acreage in recent years in Korea. In this review, we summarize symptoms and epidemiological characteristics of the major fungal fruit rots and propose integrated management methods of the diseases that can be practically utilized at the farmers' orchards in order to prevent the diseases based on our research works and field experiences and the research works of others conducted during the last three decades worldwide.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.269-278
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• 2008

Ripe rot was frequently observed on fruits, leaves and stems of grape growing in eight locations in Korea from 2004 to 2006. All 30 isolates of Colletotrichum sp. were obtained from lesions of the ripe rot on grape plants. Out of the isolates, 19 isolates were identified as Colletotrichum acutatum and the others as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides based on morphological and cultural characteristics. Inter and intra specific variations of the Colletotrichum spp. isolates were investigated using RAPD and sequences of rDNA ITS and $\beta$-tubulin-2. Isolates of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides were distinctly differentiated by molecular analyses. Phylogenetic trees of ITS and$\beta$-tubulin-2 showed that Korean isolates of C. acutatum were clustered into groups A2 and A3 among the eight global groups. A2 included non-chromogenic isolates and A3 chromogenic ones. Both C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides isolates were tested for pathogenicity to grape leaves. All isolates tested induced lesions on the leaves of grape by artificial inoculation. There was no difference in pathogenicity between C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides isolates. This is the first report that C. acutatum except C. gloeosporioides causes grape ripe rot in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.275-282
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• 2014

The occurrence of post-harvest diseases and their pathogens in 'Campbell Early' which is the most produced grape in Korea was investigated. The 'Campbell Early' grapes produced in 3 main grape-producing areas were stored in a cold room ($0-4^{\circ}C$) for 2 weeks then at room temperature for 4 weeks prior to investigation. The major post-harvest diseases occurred were gray mold, blue mold, ripe rot, new decay 1, and new decay 2. Pathogens isolated from the symptoms were identified as Botrytis cinerea for gray mold, Penicillium sclerotiorum for blue mold and Collectrichum acutatum for ripe rot. Pathogens for new decay 1 and new decay 2 were not identified yet. Incidences of new decay 1 and new decay 2 were much higher than the other 3 decays in all grapes produced from 3 areas. Gray mold and blue mold occurred at much lower frequencies than these two decays, and ripe rot occurred least.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.196-200
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• 2003

Sixteen hundred fruits were randomly collected from 16 kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) orchards in Jeonnam, Gyeongnam and Jejn provinces in Korea in 2000 and incidences of postharvest fruit rots were examined. The overall disease incidence was 32% and varied much with locations of orchards ranging from 5 to 68%. The percentages of kiwifruits showing internal, external, and both internal and external symptoms were 21.9%, 4.9%, and 5.2%, respectively. Several fungi were isolated from rotten fruits; Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diaporthe actinidiae and Botrytis cinerea were the major pathogens with the average isolation rates of 83.3%, 11.9% and 1.4%, respectively. Based on the symptoms on kiwifruits and the characteristics, the postharvest fruit rots caused by B. dothidea and D. actinidiae are suggested to be named as ripe rots and stem-end rots, respectively.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

Thirty-six isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were obtained from infected grapes in two different locations of Korea; 18 isolates from Cheonahn, where carbendazim (MBC) and the mixture of MBC and diethofencarb (NPC) had been applied to control grape ripe rot, and 18 isolates from Cheongju, where no fungicides had been used. Sequences analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the $\beta$-tubulin gene identified 34 of the 36 isolates as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The remaining two isolates from Cheongju were identified as C. acutatum. Of the 18 isolates from Cheonahn, 12 were resistant to both MBC and the mixture (MBC+NPC), and six were sensitive to them. All C. gloeosporioides isolates from Cheongju, but not the two C. acutatum isolates, were sensitive to these fungicides. Sequence analysis of the $\beta$-tubulin gene in all isolates revealed that C. gloeosporioides resistant to MBC and MBC+NPC had a tyrosine instead of phenylalanine at the amino acid position 200. The appearance of resistance to MBC and the mixture in C. gloeosporioides correlated with the history of fungicide application in Korea.