• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.167-182
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• 1990

The relationships between submodules of a module and ideals of the endomorphism ring of a module had been studied in [1]. For a submodule L of a moudle M, the set $I^L$ of all endomorphisms whose images are contained in L is a left ideal of the endomorphism ring End (M) and for a submodule N of M, the set $I_N$ of all endomorphisms whose kernels contain N is a right ideal of End (M). In this paper, author defines an H-invariant module and proves that every submodule of an H-invariant module is the image and kernel of unique endomorphisms. Every ideal $I^L(I_N)$ of the endomorphism ring End(M) when M is H-invariant is a left (respectively, right) principal ideal of End(M). From the above results, if a module M is H-invariant then each left, right, or both sided ideal I of End(M) is an intersection of a left, right, or both sided principal ideal and I itself appropriately. If M is an H-invariant module then the ACC on the set of all left ideals of type $I^L$ implies the ACC on M. Also if the set of all right ideals of type $I^L$ has DCC, then H-invariant module M satisfies ACC. If the set of all left ideals of type $I^L$ satisfies DCC, then H-invariant module M satisfies DCC. If the set of all right ideals of type $I_N$ satisfies ACC then H-invariant module M satisfies DCC. Therefore for an H-invariant module M, if the endomorphism ring End(M) is left Noetherian, then M satisfies ACC. And if End(M) is right Noetherian then M satisfies DCC. For an H-invariant module M, if End(M) is left Artinian then M satisfies DCC. Also if End(M) is right Artinian then M satisfies ACC.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.276-278
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• 2019

The cisterna chyli, a dilated lymphatic sac in the retrocrural space, is usually located to the right of the aorta. We report a case of a left-sided cisterna chyli, which was incidentally detected on the radiologic examinations of a preoperative workup for cholangiocarcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images revealed a cisterna chyli measuring 2.5 cm in length in the left retrocrural space. The dilated lumbar lymphatics joined with the cisterna chyli, which was continuous with the left-sided thoracic duct. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second antemortem case of a left-sided cisterna chyli in literature. The cisterna chyli can mimic retrocrural lymphadenopathy, solid tumor with cystic degeneration, abscess or hematoma. The left-sided cisterna chyli should be referred to as a structure so as to be cautious in surgical approach.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.1709-1712
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• 2008

The trunk is inclined to the loaded side when carrying an object as one of activities of daily living. As the reaction to this behavior the human body may be inclined to his/her trunk to unloaded side. The present study investigated the biomechanical effects of weight variation for sided load carriage during walking upon joint moments and muscle torques, through the tracker agent and joint driving dynamic analysis. To perform the experiment one male was selected as subject for the study. Gait analysis was performed by using a 3D motion analysis system. Thirty nine 14mm reflective markers, according to the plug-in marker set, were attached to the subject. We used BRG.LifeMOD(Biomechanics Research Group, Inc., USA), for skeletal modeling and inverse and joint driving dynamic simulation during one gait cycle. In walking with a sided load carriage, the subject modeled held the carriage with the right hand, which weighed 0, 5, 10, 15kg, 20kg respectively. The result of this simulation showed that knee and hip in the coronal plane were inclined to the loaded side and loaded side had larger moments as the sided load carriage was increased. On the other hand thoracic and lumbar in the coronal plane had larger negative values as the sided loaded carriage was increased. The thoracic and lumbar in the transverse plane also had larger values as the sided load was increased. And the several muscles of loaded side were increased as increasing sided load. It could be concluded that human body is adopted to side loaded circumstances by showing more biologic force. These results could be very useful in analysis for delivery motion of daily life.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-12
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• 2014

Violent or severe persistent coughing is rarely associated with rib fracture. We report a rare case of a cough-induced rib fracture in a patient without any traumatic history or any other underlying disease. A 32-year-old female presented to the emergency department complaining of having had right-sided pleuritic chest pain for 5 days. She had a background of an 8-week coughing illness. A posteroanterior view of the chest radiograph showed no definite fractured line. Chest computed tomography revealed a subtle break cortical line of the 7th rib in the right-sided chest wall. Early identification of a cough-induced fracture of the rib by using computed tomography may avoid unnecessary further work-ups including laboratory examination and may lead to appropriate discharge instructions including rest and reassurance. The clinical presentations and radiologic findings of rib fractures caused by coughing are presented along with a review of the literature.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.392-395
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• 1992

Hepatic hydrothorax is defined as the presence, in a cirrhotic patient, of a large pleural effusion in the absence of primary pulmonary or cardiac disease. Pleural effusions occur in 5% to 10% of patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The effusions are usually right-sided, but may be bilateral or left-sided. The precise mechanism of fluid accumulation is not clear. We reported a case of right hepatic hydrothorax occuring in the liver cirrhosis with ascites. Diagnosis was confirmed by the intraperitoneal and intrapleural injection of radioisotope $^{99m}Tc-tin$ colloid that demonstrated the one-way transdiaphragmatic flow of fluid from the peritoneal to pleural cavities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-114
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• 2006

Objective : The anterior approach to the cervical spine now selves as the surgical across of choice for cervical spine disease. Vocal cord paryalysis(VCP) follow the procedure as a complication, and it is most common complication of this procedure. However, the frequency and etiology of this injury are not clearly defined. This study was performed to establish the clinical features of vocal cord paralysis in anterior cervical spine surgery(ACSS). Material and Method : Retrospectively, medical records of patients who underwent ACSS at Hallym university medical center, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital between January 2000 and March 2006 were reviewed. Further detailed review of the patients with documented VCP after surgery was then performed. Results : 242 ACSSs were performed and 9 patients with VCP were identified (3.71%) In 9 patients with VCP, 8 patients had right-sided approaches (6.01%) and 1 patient had left-sided approach (0.91%). All 9 patients had VCP on ipsilateral side and 8 patients were recovered completely on follow up period. Duration of ACSS, multilevel exposure and low-level (below the C6 level) exposure have been found to be associated with higher risk. Conclusion : For avoiding the recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, surgeon have to understand the clinical features of VCP in ACSS. As right-sided approach has a greater risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, we suggest that the left-sided approach be given more consideration.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.38 no.3 s.248
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• pp.241-244
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• 2005

A 57-year-old man with numbness and paresthesia of left arm is presented. There was no pulse in the left arm was absent and his chest radiograph suggested right-sided aortic arch. The aortogram showed right-sided aortic arch with Kommerell's diverticulum. The proximal portion of left subclavian artery was totally occluded and blood was being supplied through vertebral arteries to distal subclavian artery. He underwent bypass grafting between both subclavian arteries by an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft. Because the size of Kommerell's diverticulum was small, it need to be observed closely.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2689-2692
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• 2014

Purpose: To investigate the risk factors for appendiceal metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer and compare findings with the previous studies. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-four patients with epithelial ovarian cancer were assessed in this study. All of them had undergone a surgical procedure including appendectomy. Of these, 21 (15.7%) patients who had appendiceal metastasis were analyzed as the case group and the patients with no metastasis were the controls, compared according to stage, grade, histology of tumor, preoperative Ca125 levels, presence of ascites, peritoneal cytology, diameter and site of tumor considered as risk factors. Results: We found statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of stage, grade, right-sided tumor location, presence of ascites, diameter of tumor${\geq}10cm$ and positive peritoneal cytology (p<0.05). In the logistic regression model, stage, grade, presence of ascites, right-sided location and diameter of tumor were independent risk factors. ROC curve analysis showed that stage, grade and diameter of the tumor were discriminative factors for appendiceal metastasis. Conclusions: In epithelial ovarian cancer, stage, grade, presence of ascites, right-sided location and large tumor size have importance for estimation of risk of appendiceal metastasis. As we compare our findings with previous studies, there is no definite recommendation for the risk factors of appendiceal metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer and more studies are needed.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.133-140
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• 2022

Background: Despite advances in surgery and intensive perioperative care, fecal peritonitis secondary to colonic perforation is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. This study was performed to review the outcomes of patients who underwent colonic perforation surgery and to evaluate the prognostic factors associated with mortality. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 224 consecutive patients who underwent emergency colonic perforation surgery between January 2008 and May 2019. We divided the patients into survivor and non-survivor groups and compared their surgical outcomes. Results: The most common cause of colon perforation was malignancy in 54 patients (24.1%), followed by iatrogenic perforation in 41 (18.3%), stercoral perforation in 39 (17.4%), and diverticulitis in 37 (16.5%). The sigmoid colon (n=124, 55.4%) was the most common location of perforation, followed by the ascending colon, rectum, and cecum. Forty-five patients (20.1%) died within 1 month after surgery. Comparing the 179 survivors with the 45 non-survivors, the patient characteristics associated with mortality were advanced age, low systolic blood pressure, tachycardia, organ failure, high C-reactive protein, high creatinine, prolonged prothrombin time, and high lactate level. The presence of free or feculent fluid, diffuse peritonitis, and right-sided perforation were associated with mortality. In multivariate analysis, advanced age, organ failure, right-sided perforation, and diffuse peritonitis independently predicted mortality within 1 month after surgery. Conclusion: Age and organ failure were prognostic factors for mortality associated with colon perforation. Furthermore, right-sided perforation and diffuse peritonitis demonstrated a significant association with patient mortality.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.925-942
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• 2016

We study the structure of rings whose principal right ideals contain a sort of two-sided ideals, introducing right ${\pi}$-duo as a generalization of (weakly) right duo rings. Abelian ${\pi}$-regular rings are ${\pi}$-duo, which is compared with the fact that Abelian regular rings are duo. For a right ${\pi}$-duo ring R, it is shown that every prime ideal of R is maximal if and only if R is a (strongly) ${\pi}$-regular ring with $J(R)=N_*(R)$. This result may be helpful to develop several well-known results related to pm rings (i.e., rings whose prime ideals are maximal). We also extend the right ${\pi}$-duo property to several kinds of ring which have roles in ring theory.