• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1329-1336
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• 2000

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of Murrah buffalo cows pulling sledges under field conditions on milk production and milk composition. In Exp. 1, 24 buffaloes in the fourth month of lactation were used. They were allotted to four treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement: work or no work, and with or without urea-molasses cake supplementation (700 g/animal/day). Feeds consisted of 20 kg fresh elephant grass (18% DM), 2 kg rice bran per day and rice straw ad lib. The animals worked in pairs three hours per day (work done: $3464{\pm}786kJ/d$) five days a week for three months. Three teams worked in the morning and the others worked in the afternoon in the same day. The following day the working times were switched. In Exp. 2, 16 lactating Murrah buffalo cows in the sixth month of lactation were allotted to two groups (work and no work). They were fed with fresh ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) ad lib. supplemented with 2 kg rice bran and 700 g urea-molasses cake. The working regime was similar to that of the first experiment (work done: $3753{\pm}879kJ/d$) and they worked for two months. In the first experiment, there was a small but significant drop (p<0.05) in milk yield from 3.5 to 3.0 kg/day due to work, but there was no supplementation effect. The working buffaloes lost 5.2 kg whereas the non-working animals gained 9.7 kg during the three months (p<0.05). Supplementation increased live weight by 9.9 kg as compared to -5.4 kg for those not supplemented (p<0.05). Milk composition was not affected by the treatments. In the second experiment, daily milk production was similar for both treatments and approximately 3 kg. No significant differences were found in milk composition or in live weight changes for working and non-working groups, respectively. It was concluded that work may cause a reduction in milk yield and a loss of live weight on a poor rice straw diet but that an appropriate supplementation can alleviate this situation.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2000

Viviparous germination causes yield loss and quality deterioration of rice. This study was conducted to investigate varietal differences of the viviparous germination with different days after heading (DAH) and different temperatures. In the laboratory examination, the averaged germination rate of all varieties at 45DAH and at 25DAH was 79.9%, and 27.5% under the incubation at the temperature of 3$0^{\circ}C$/2$0^{\circ}C$ (day/night) for 12 days. Andabyeo, Da- sanbyeo, and Nonganbyeo showed the lowest viviparous germination rates among the tested varieties. The shoot length of the viviparous germination measured 12days after incubation at 30/2$0^{\circ}C$ ranged from 21 to 53mm, indicating significant deterioration of rice quality. In the field test, the averaged viviparous germination rates of rice varieties at 25, 35, 45DAH with the underwater conditions for 4 days were 2.2, 6.2 and 9.2%, respectively, while their rates at 12 day after underwater conditions increased to 17.6, 44.2 and 43.8%, respectively. A variety that showed the highest viviparous germination rate at 25 and 35 and 45DAH was Heukjinjubyeo. When standing rice panicles without lodging were examined after consecutive raining for 7 days Juanbyeo showed the highest viviparous germination (45.5%), followed by Odaebyeo (16.0%), Jinbubyeo (14.5 %), Bongkwangbyeo (14.2 %) and Obongbyeo (12.6%). The viviparous germination of rice was greatly affected by variety, days after heading and temperature settings. Bongkwangbyeo, Juanbyeo, Dongjinbyeo, Hwasunchalbyeo, Naepoongbyeo and Heukjinjubyeo were classified as the most susceptible varieties to the viviparous germination in the field conditions.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.133-152
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• 2022

Rice is a fundamental staple food commodity all around the world. Globally, it is grown over 167 million hectares and occupies almost 1/5^th of total cultivated land under cereals. With a total production of 782 million metric tons in 2018. In Pakistan, it is the 2^nd largest crop being produced and 3^rd largest food commodity after sugarcane and rice. The stem borers a type of pest in rice and other crops, Scirpophaga incertulas or the yellow stem borer is very serious pest and a major cause of yield loss, more than 90% damage is recorded in Pakistan on rice crop. Yellow stem borer population of rice could be stimulated with various environmental factors which includes relative humidity, light, and environmental temperature. Focus of this study is to find the environmental factors changes i.e., temperature, relative humidity and rainfall that can lead to cause outbreaks of yellow stem borers. this study helps to find out the hot spots of insect pest in rice field with a control of farmer's palm. Proposed system uses temperature, relative humidity, and rain sensor along with artificial neural network to predict yellow stem borer attack and generate warning to take necessary precautions. result shows 85.6% accuracy and accuracy gradually increased after repeating several training rounds. This system can be good IoT based solution for pest attack prediction which is cost effective and accurate.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.30-35
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• 2024

Domestic rice is more expensive than imported products, so it is necessary to reduce production costs to secure competitiveness. Low-density planting developed in Japan is a cultivation technology that reduces labor and production costs without yield loss. The area of low-density cultivation is continuously increasing. However, research on how rice transplanters adapt to low-density planting has not been conducted. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the optimal working conditions of a rice transplanter for low-density planting. Three types of rice transplanters were used and treated based on 3 conveying distance levels. The number of picked seedlings, pick missing rate, the number of planted seedlings, and the mis-planted rate were investigated to evaluate planting accuracy according to the transfer distance to the seedling tray. The results showed that the number of planted seedlings was 4.31~4.95 EA with an L1 seedling tray transfer distance (horizontal 9 mm, vertical 8 mm), but the mis-planted rate was higher than in other conditions. At L2 (horizontal 9 mm, vertical 10 mm) and L3 (horizontal 11 mm, vertical 8 mm) transfer distance conditions, the number of planted seedlings were 4.89-5.68 EA and 4.69-5.66 EA, respectively, with a low mis-planted rate of less than 3%. The results showed that if the transfer distance is adjusted properly, a rice transplanter can be used for low-density planting with high planting accuracy.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1982

수도(水稻)의 품종형(品種型) 차이(差異)가 잡초(雜草)와의 경쟁(競爭)에 미치는 영향력(影響力)을 알기 위해 통일형(統一型) 품종(品種)(Japonica${\times}$Indica)인 서광(曙光)벼와 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種)인 낙동(洛東)벼를 공시(供試)하여 30${\times}$15 cm, 40${\times}$(10${\times}$10 cm), 10${\times}$10 cm 재식거리(裁植距離)로 1980년(年) 포장시험(圃場試驗)으로 실시(實施)하였던 결과(結果_를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)은 대체로 서광(曙光)벼보다 낙동(洛東)벼 재배구(栽培區)에서 많은 발생량(發生量을) 보였고 재식거리(裁植距離) 간(間)에는 밀식(密植)인 10${\times}$10 cm구(區)에서 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)이 가장 적었고, 30${\times}$15 cm구(區)와 40${\times}$(10${\times}$10cm) 구(區) 간(間)에는 차이(差異)가 없었다. 그리고 제초방법(除草方法) 간(間)에는 서광(曙光)벼 10${\times}$10 cm 구(區)를 제외(除外)한 모든 처리구(處理區)에서 무제초구(無除草區)의 잡초발생량(잡초발생량)이 월등히 많았다. 2. 잡초발생(雜草發生)에 의한 벼 수량감소(收量減少)는 서광(曙光)벼의 경우 40${\times}$(10${\times}$10 cm)> 30${\times}$15 cm 구(區) > 10${\times}$10 cm 구(區) 순(順)이었고 낙동(落東)벼의 경우는 30${\times}$15 cm구(區) > 40${\times}$(10${\times}$10 cm)> 10${\times}$10 cm 구(區) 순(順)이었으나 10${\times}$10 cm 구(區)에서는 제초방법간(除草方法間)의 수량차(收量差)가 없었다. 3. 잡초건물중(雜草乾物重)과 벼 수량(收量)과는 두 품종(品種) 다 같이 높은 부(負)의 상관관계(相關關係)가 인정(認定)되었으며 벼 수량감소율(收量減少率)이 50% 예상(豫想)되는 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)은 서광(曙光)벼 213 $g/m^2$, 낙동(洛東)벼 241 $g/m^2$였다. 4. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)를 종합(綜合)하여 보면 잡초(雜草)와의 경쟁력(競爭力)은 통일형(統一型) 품종(品種)인 서광(曙光)벼보다 일본형(日本型) 품종(品種)인 낙동(洛東)벼가 약간 높은 것으로 추정(推定)되었다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1984

기계이앙답(機械移秧沓)과 손이앙답간(移秧沓間)의 잡초발생(雜草發生) 생태차이(生態差異)를 구명(究明)하여 효과적(效果的)인 방제체계(防除體系)를 확립(確立)하기 위(爲)하여 이앙답(移秧沓)에 많이 사용(史要)되고 있는 butachlor, thiobencarb, oxadiazon 등 11종(種)의 제초제(除草劑)를 공시(公試)하여 1983년(年) 영남작물(嶺南作物) 시험장(試驗場) 수도포장중(水稻圃場中)에서 1년생잡초(年生雜草)와 다년생(多年生) 잡초(雜草)가 우점된 포장(圃場)에서 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 이앙방법(移秧方法)(기계이앙(機械移秧), 손이앙(移秧))에 따른 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)은 벼를 재배(栽培)하지 않은 자연방임구(自然放任區)가 $m^2$당(當) 잡초수(雜草數)가 8326 본(本) 건물중(建物重)이, 1643g으로 가장 많았고 다음은 기계이앙구(機械移秧區), 손이앙구(移秧區) 순(順)이었으며 벼재배(栽培)에 의(依)한 잡초발생(雜草發生) 억제효과(抑制效果)는 기계이앙구(機械移秧區),가 50%, 손이앙구(移秧區)가 55%이었다. 2. Simpson지수(指數)와 군락우점도(群落優點度)(Community dominance)는 손이앙(移秧)을 함으로써 군락우점도(群落優點度)는 점차 특정(特定) 초종(草種) 즉 올챙고랭이 쪽으로 치우치는 경향이었다. 3. 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)과 벼수량(收量)과의 관계(關係)는 지수함수적인(指數函數的)인 관계(關係)를 보였으며, $m^2$당(當) 잡초건물량(雜草建物量)이 300g일 때 벼수량(數量) 감소(減少)정도는 손이앙구(移秧區)가 26%, 기계이앙구(機械移秧區)가 32%였으며, 잡초발생수(雜草發生數)에 따른 벼수량감소(數量減少)는 기게이앙구(機械移秧區)와 손이앙구간(移秧區間)에 별차이(差異)가 없었다. 4. 무제초(無除草) 방임구(放任區)에서 잡초발생(雜草發生)에 의(依)한 벼수량감소(收量減少)는 기계이앙답(機械移秧沓)이 41%, 손이앙답(移秧沓)이 33%로써 벼수량감소율(收量減少率)이 기계이앙답((機械移秧沓)에서 7% 더높았다. 5. 공시(供試)된 제초제중(除草劑中)에서 이앙방법간(移秧方法間) 잡초발생량차이(雜草發生量差異)가 가장 적었던 제초제(除草劑)는 butachlor(E.C)와 CG 113/oxadiazo이었고 이앙방법간(移秧方法間)에 잡초발생(雜草發生)에 의(依)한 감소율(減少率)은 제초제(除草劑) 종류(種類)에 따라 다소 차이(差異)는 있으나 뚜렷한 경향은 없었다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.185-190
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• 2012

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a serious pathogen which causes yield loss in many dicotyledonous crops including potato. The objective of this study was to assess the potential of biofumigation using three Brassica crops including Brassica napus, B. juncea and B. campestris against potato stem rot caused by S. sclerotiorum by in vitro tests. Both macerated and irradiated dried tissues were able to reduce radial growth and sclerotia formation of five pathogen isolates on PDA, but macerated live tissues were more effective. Compared with other tested crops, B. juncea showed more inhibitory effect against the pathogen. The volatile compounds produced from macerated tissues were identified using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The main identified compounds were methyl, allyl and butyl isothiocyanates. Different concentrations of these compounds inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen in vitro when applied as the vapor of pure chemicals. A negative relationship was observed between chemicals concentrations and growth inhibition percentage. In this study, it became clear that the tissues of local Brassica crops release glucosinolates and have a good potential to be used against the pathogen in field examinations.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.126-126
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• 2022

Climate change has continued to impact meteorological factors like rainfall in many countries including Nigeria. Thus, altering the rainfall patterns which subsequently affect the crop yield. Maize is an important cereal grown in northern Nigeria, along with sorghum, rice, and millet. Due to the challenge of water scarcity during the dry season, it has become critical to design appropriate strategies for planning, developing, and management of the limited available water resources to increase the maize yield. This study, therefore, determines the quantity of water required to produce maize from planting to harvesting and the impact of drought on maize during different growth stages in the region. Rainfall data from six rain gauge stations for a period of 36 years (1979-2014) was considered for the analysis. The standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI) is used to evaluate the severity of drought. Using the CROPWAT model, the evapotranspiration was calculated using the Penman-Monteith method, while the crop water requirements (CWRs) and irrigation scheduling for the maize crop was also determined. Irrigation was considered for 100% of critical soil moisture loss. At different phases of maize crop growth, the model predicted daily and monthly crop water requirements. The crop water requirement was found to be 319.0 mm and the irrigation requirement was 15.5 mm. The CROPWAT 8.0 model adequately estimated the yield reduction caused by water stress and climatic impacts, which makes this model appropriate for determining the crop water requirements, irrigation planning, and management.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1388-1393
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• 1968

본(本) 실험(實驗)은 관개방법(灌漑方法)을 합리화(合理化)시키고 관개수(灌漑水)를 절약(節約)하는 방법(方法)으로 절수(節水)의 정도(程度) 및 절수시기(節水時期)가 수도수량(水稻收量) 및 그 구성요소(構成要素)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하였으며 그 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 토양(土壤)의 이화학적(理化學的) 성질(性質)에 별차(別差)를 볼 수 없었으며 관개수질(灌漑水質) 기타(其他) 기온(氣溫) 강우(降雨) 등(等) 모든 값이 각처리구간(各處理區間) 동질(同質)이었다. 2. 벽간중(蘗稈重)은 절수정도(節水程度) 처리구간(處理區間)에만 유의성(有意性)을 보였으며 보통구(普通區)가 좋았다. 3. 밑다짐 효과는 토양(土壤)의 보수력(保水力)이 좋아 물이 절약(節約)되었으며 모든 생육(生育)은 물론(勿論) 수량(收量)에도 33.1%, 17.8%의 증수(增收)를 보였다. 더욱이 30cm의 경토(耕土) 밑에 6cm의 밑다짐을 하였던바 이것은 다수확(多收穫)에도 사질토양(砂質土壤)의 개량(改良)에도 좋은 방법(方法)이다. 4. 수량(收量)에 있어서 표(表) 10, 11에 나타난 바와 같이 밑다짐 절수구(節水區) 33.1%, 밑다짐 극절수구(極節水區) 17.8%, 밑다짐 보통구(普通區) 17.8%의 증수(增收)와 절수구(節水區) 17.2%, 극절수구(極節水區) 5.8%의 순서(順序)의 증수(增收)의 효과를 보였다. 5. 일주수수(一株穗數)와 일주입수(一株粒數)의 변이(變異)는 심(甚)하지 않았으나 절수(節水)의 정도(程度) 처리구(處理區)에서는 절수구(節水區), 극절수구(極節水區), 보통구(普通區)의 순서(順序)였으며 시기(時期)에 따른 효과는 초기(初期), 중기(中期), 후기(後期), 상시(常時)의 순서(順序)로 차이(差異)가 있어 수량(收量)에 미치는 효과의 차이(差異)가 있었다. 6. 적당(適當)히 절수(節水)를 하면 관개수량(灌漑水量)에 있어서 전량(全量)의 1/3이 절약(節約)되어 저수지(貯水池) 사용(使用)에 있어서는 동일저수량(同一貯水量)으로써 관개기간(灌漑期間)이 연장(延長)되어 어느 정도(程度)의 조발(早魃)에도 그 해(害)를 극복(克服)할 수 있고 양수(揚水機利用)에 있어서는 혼영비(渾營費)가 절약(節約)될 것이다. 수량(收量)에 있어서는 어느 것이나 10% 이상(以上)의 증수(增收)를 보이고 있다. 7. 만일(萬一) 답지대(沓地帶)가 삼투(渗透), 누수(漏水)가 (甚)심해서 보수력(保水力)이 판(板)히 낮으면 여기에다 점토(粘土)로써 밑다짐을 시행(施行)하면 그의 보수력(保水力)이 커지고 따라서 종래(從來)의 관개수량(灌漑水量)을 반감(半減)해도 족(足)할 것이며 (2 l/sec 이상(以上)을 1 l/sec로 함) 수량(收量)에 있어서 막대(莫大)한 증수(增收)를 얻게될 것이다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.159-159
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• 2017

Drought, a common environmental constraint, induces a range of physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in plants, and can cause severe reductions in crop yield. Consequently, understanding the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance is an important step towards crop biotechnology. Here, we report that the rice (Oryza sativa) homeodomain-leucine zipper class IV transcription factor gene, ${\underline{R}ice}$ ${\underline{o}utermost}$ ${\underline{c}ell-specific}$ gene 10 (Roc10), enhances drought tolerance and grain yield by increasing lignin accumulation in ground tissues. Overexpression of Roc10 in rice significantly increased drought tolerance at the vegetative stages of growth and promoted both more effective photosynthesis and a reduction in water loss rate, compared with non-transgenic controls or RNAi transgenic plants. Importantly, Roc10 overexpressing plants had a higher drought tolerance at the reproductive stage of growth and a higher grain yield compared with the controls under field-drought conditions. Roc10 is mainly expressed in outer cell layers including the epidermis and the vasculature of the shoots, which coincides with areas of cell wall lignification. Roc10 overexpression elevated the expression levels of lignin biosynthetic genes in shoots, with a concomitant increase in the accumulation of lignin, while the overexpression and RNAi lines showed opposite patterns of lignin accumulation. We identified downstream target genes of Roc10 by performing RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq analyses of shoot tissues. Roc10 was found to directly bind to the promoter of PEROXIDASEN/PEROXIDASE38, a key gene in lignin biosynthesis. Together, our findings suggest that Roc10 confers drought stress tolerance by promoting lignin biosynthesis in ground tissues.