• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.122-142
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• 2012

The importance of rainfed areas and animal agriculture on productivity enhancement and food security for economic rural growth in Asia is discussed in the context of opportunities for increasing potential contribution from them. The extent of the rainfed area of about 223 million hectares and the biophysical attributes are described. They have been variously referred to inter alia as fragile, marginal, dry, waste, problem, threatened, range, less favoured, low potential lands, forests and woodlands, including lowlands and uplands. Of these, the terms less favoured areas (LFAs), and low or high potential are quite widely used. The LFAs are characterised by four key features: i) very variable biophysical elements, notably poor soil quality, rainfall, length of growing season and dry periods, ii) extreme poverty and very poor people who continuously face hunger and vulnerability, iii) presence of large populations of ruminant animals (buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep), and iv) have had minimum development attention and an unfinished wanting agenda. The rainfed humid/sub-humid areas found mainly in South East Asia (99 million ha), and arid/semi-arid tropical systems found in South Asia (116 million ha) are priority agro-ecological zones (AEZs). In India for example, the ecosystem occupies 68% of the total cultivated area and supports 40% of the human and 65% of the livestock populations. The area also produces 4% of food requirements. The biophysical and typical household characteristics, agricultural diversification, patterns of mixed farming and cropping systems are also described. Concerning animals, their role and economic importance, relevance of ownership, nomadic movements, and more importantly their potential value as the entry point for the development of LFAs is discussed. Two examples of demonstrated success concern increasing buffalo production for milk and their expanded use in semi-arid AEZs in India, and the integration of cattle and goats with oil palm in Malaysia. Revitalised development of the LFAs is justified by the demand for agricultural land to meet human needs e.g. housing, recreation and industrialisation; use of arable land to expand crop production to ceiling levels; increasing and very high animal densities; increased urbanisation and pressure on the use of available land; growing environmental concerns of very intensive crop production e.g. acidification and salinisation with rice cultivation; and human health risks due to expanding peri-urban poultry and pig production. The strategies for promoting productivity growth will require concerted R and D on improved use of LFAs, application of systems perspectives for technology delivery, increased investments, a policy framework and improved farmer-researcher-extension linkages. These challenges and their resolution in rainfed areas can forcefully impact on increased productivity, improved livelihoods and human welfare, and environmental sustainability in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.971-979
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• 2012

Four, lactating dairy crossbreds ($50%{\times}50%$ Holstein Friesian${\times}$Native Zebu cattle) were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement (two protein levels and two levels of mangosteen peel pellets (Mago-pel)) in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. All cows received concentrate at a proportion of 1 kg concentrate per 2 kg of milk yield, and urea-treated 5% rice straw (UTRS) was given ad libitum. It was found that total dry matter intakes, nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH and $NH_3$-N concentrations were not affected (p>0.05) by treatments. Concentrations of ruminal pH and $NH_3$-N were not affected by dietary treatments although the concentration of BUN varied significantly (p<0.05) between protein levels (p<0.05). The populations of rumen bacteria and fungal zoospores did not differ among treatments (p>0.05); however, the population of protozoa was decreased (p<0.05) when cows received Mago-pel supplementation. The composition of the population of bacteria, identified by real-time PCR technique, including total bacteria, methanogens, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus was similar (p>0.05) among dietary treatments (p>0.05); however, copy numbers of Ruminococcus flavefaciens was increased when protein level increased (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis, in terms of both quantity and efficiency, was enriched by Mago-pel supplementation. Milk yield was greatest in cows fed UTRS based diets with concentrate containing protein at 16% CP with Mago-pel, but were lowest without Mago-pel (p<0.05). In addition, protein level and supplementation of Mago-pel did not affect (p>0.05) milk composition except solids-not-fat which was higher in cows fed the diet with 19% CP. Therefore, feeding a concentrate containing 16% CP together with 300 g/hd/d Mago-pel supplementation results in changes in rumen fermentation and microbial population and improvements in milk production in lactating dairy crossbreds fed on UTRS.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 1994

The vegetational and environmental history of Korea during the Holocene period has reconstructed by the use of folral, palaeoclimatogical, archaeological data and written records. From 10,000 to 6,700 yeat B.P. in mid-eastern Korea, deciduous broadieaved trees gradually increased trees, notably at c.8,000 years B.P. From 6,700 to 4,500 years B.P., the vegetation remained dominated by Quercus and pinus(Diploxylon). Vegetational informations suggest the postglacial hypsithermal from c.8,000 to 4,500 years b.p. After 4,500 until 1,400 years B.P., the admixture of cryophilous trees in midland and thermophilous trees in south seems to imply the latitudinal divisions of vegetation and climate. The presence of cultivated rice pollen as well as non-arboreal pollen and spores indicates an increased rate of deforestation. From 1,400 years B.P., there was a sharp decrease in the representation of temperate trees, but the presence of the cryophilous genera Abies and pinus (Haploxylon) is noticea-ble and might be related to the occurrence of Little Ice Age. Fossil pollen diagram from western Korea and eastern Korea since 6,250 and 10,000 yeats B.P., respectively have enabled to compare vegetational dis-tribution patterns and changes in the Holocene period. In western Korea, Alnus- dominated vegetation continued from 6,250 to 1,500 years B.P., but pinus took over Alnus from 1,500 years B.P. In eastern Korea, however, Quercus and pinus dominated from 10,000 to 2,000 years B.P., but pinus be-came predominant from 2,000 years B.P. On a time- spatial basis, different vegetational distribution pattern can be recognised between western and east-ern Korea. The use of seven historical records which is unique to Korea also enabled to reconstruct the distributional pattern and temporal change of vegetation from 1425 to 1928.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 1995

Nam Khane watershed, in the Northern Laos, consists of limestone plateau surrounded with steep slope(above 1000m), wide piedmont hill land(300-700m) and narrow alluvial plain. Opium on the plateau and up-land rice on the hill-side are cultivated for each, but its shifting agricultural activity, which degrades the forest and soil, has caused the serious environmental problems. MOS-1 satellite image and 40 points of soil samples are analyzed to identify the distribution of the shifting cultivation and to evaluate the environmental problems for Nam Khane watershed. The land use classification map is presented on the photo 2, and the value of each land use area by elevation level and soil property are showed on the table 2 and 3, respectively. Excessive agricultural activity of shifting cultivation in the Nam Khane watershed not only decreased the forest area, but also changed the primary forest of tree into secondary woodland of shrub. On the phase of soil property, it accelerated the soil and gully erosion, and acidification. To solve these environmental problems, the most important step is to settle the agriculture from shifting cultivation to permanent cropping.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.231-238
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• 1983

N-Benzoylglycylanilide and N-benzoylalanylanilide derivatives were synthesized from N-benzoylglycine and N-benzoylalane with anilines. respectively. The products were identified by elemental analysis, IR, UV and NMR spectra with N-benzoylglycylanilide (I), N-benzoylglycyl-o-toluidide(II), N-benzoylglycyl-m-toluidide(III), N-benzoylglycyl-p-toluidide(IV), N-benzoyl-L-alanylanilide(V), N-bnzoyl-L-alanyl-o-toluidide(VI), N-benzoyl-L-alnnyl-m-toluidise(VII), N-benzoyl-L-alanyl-p-toluidide(VIII). These compounds were tested for their phytotoxicity to the germination and seedling growth of rice, radish, green pea plants and turf grass. Among them, N-benzoyl-Lalanyl-m-toluidide had strongly inhibitory effect on the seedling growth of radish seeds, and N-benzoyl-L-alanylanilide showed an inhibitory activity especially upon the seedling growth of turf seeds. In addition, the inhibitory rate of plant seed growth differed with the isomeric position(ortho, meta and para) of methyl group; N-benzoylglycyl-m-toluidide was more effective than both N-benzoylglycyl-o-toluidide and N-benzoylglycyl-p-toluidide derivatives, and also N-benzoyl-L-alanyl-m-toluidide was more effective than both N-benzoyl-L-alanyl-o-toluidide and N-benzoyl-L-alanyl-p-toluidide.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 1983

The physicochemical properties of starches isolated from three kinds of waxy ricer were investigated. The average diammeter of Orchal starch granule was 3.6u, and those of Hangang and Baegoon starch granules were 4.8u and 5.6u, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples were A types. Optical transmittance of starch suspensions was increased rapidly $60{\sim}62^{\circ}C$, $50{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ and $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ in Olchal, Hangang and Baegoon, respectively, and all of them exhibited maximum transmittance $75{\sim}80^{\circ}C$ in range. Initial gelationization temperature by means of amylogram pattern was $60{\sim}61^{\circ}C$, then, Olchal starch had a little higher temperature than others. Raising power of them was $260\sim220$, and then, Olchal starch has a little higher raising power. But, water binding capacity of Baegoon and Hangang were somewhat higher than that of Olchal. Blue values of Olchal and Hangang were similar with 0.13, and that of Baegoon was 0. 14. Alkari numbers of Olchal, Hangang and Baegoon were 4.2, 4.9 and 5.1. The degree of retrogradation of Hangang and Baegoon starch gels were somewhat higher than that of Olchal starch gel.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of farming methods on mass balance from paddy rice. The experiment fields were established at Chunpo-myeon, Iksan-si in the Saemangeum watershed. Experiment was performed during the growing season to assess water and mass balances of the study field in 2013. The three different farming practices were applied: conventional (TR-A), drainage outlet heighten (TR-B) and slow release fertilizer use (TR-C). Drainage amount from TR-B was reduced by 28.5 % compared to the TR-A, while the amount from TR-C was similar to that of TR-A. Overall, nutrient concentration of paddy water were similar among the treatments except for T-P. Mean T-P concentration from TR-C was lower than that from TR-A (p-value<0.05). As the results of mass balance, TR-B appeared to reduce nutrient surface loss, substantially by 30.9 % and 40.8 % for T-N and T-P an compared to TR-A. TR-C treatment also demonstrated nutrient load reduction by 38.2 % and 40.1 % for T-N and T-P. The study results showed that water and fertilizer treatments are effective in surface load reduction respectively from paddy fields, and, long-term monitoring and evaluation is needed to confirm the reduction.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.34
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• pp.219-235
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• 2014

The term 'noble savage' is a literary stock character that expresses the concept of an idealized person who has not been corrupted by civilization, and therefore symbolizes humanity's innate goodness. Fictional noble savage characters that are raised by wild animals such as Rudiard Kipling's Mowgli or Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan were created over 100 years ago but are still repeatedly reproduced as movies and TV series. Since films that depict noble savages tend to criticize civilization, popularity of these film could be due to the hidden anxiety of masses towards civilization and technology. Characters in commercial films about noble savages tend to be leveled, sharpened, and assimilated as Allport and Postman argued in The Psychology of Rumor. It is probably because films, as mass medium, need to be understood easily to the public. Characters in animations with cartoon style images are more likely to be leveled, sharpened, and assimilated even further than live-actions. Films show social stereotype of the time through assimilation process. Comparing different versions of film based on the same novel about noble savage how those social stereotypes such as gender roles and idea of evil change.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.588-596
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• 2018

An endo-${\beta}$-1,4-glucanase gene, cel9K, was cloned using the shot-gun method from Paenibacillus sp. X4, which was isolated from alpine soil. The gene was 2,994 bp in length, encoding a protein of 997 amino acid residues with a predicted signal peptide composed of 32 amino acid residues. Cel9K was a multimodular enzyme, and the molecular mass and theoretical pI of the mature Cel9K were 103.5 kDa and 4.81, respectively. Cel9K contains the GGxxDAGD, PHHR, GAxxGG, YxDDI, and EVxxDYN motifs found in most glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) members. The protein sequence showed the highest similarity (88%) with the cellulase of Bacillus sp. BP23 in comparison with the enzymes with reported properties. The enzyme was purified by chromatography using HiTrap Q, CHT-II, and HiTrap Butyl HP. Using SDS-PAGE/activity staining, the molecular mass of Cel9K was estimated to be 93 kDa, which is a truncated form produced by the proteolytic cleavage of its C-terminus. Cel9K was optimally active at pH 5.5 and $50^{\circ}C$ and showed a half-life of 59.2 min at $50^{\circ}C$. The CMCase activity was increased to more than 150% in the presence of 2 mM $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $Ba^{2+}$, but decreased significantly to less than 50% by $Mn^{2+}$ and $Co^{2+}$. The addition of Cel9K to a commercial enzyme set (Celluclast 1.5L + Novozym 188) increased the saccharification of the pretreated reed and rice straw powders by 30.4% and 15.9%, respectively. The results suggest that Cel9K can be used to enhance the enzymatic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to reducing sugars as an additive.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the differences in carbon storage capacity of soil between the conventional and the organic agricultural cultivation followed by the assessment of their economic values. An analysis of 107 samples in the organic and the conventional rice cultivation soils in six regions across South Korea showed that the five regions, Buyeo-II, Gimhae, Sancheong-I, II and Suncheon, had higher organic soil carbon contents than those of values observed on the conventional soils with the exception of the Buyeo-I areas. Based on the results from soil carbon contents, the carbon storage were estimated to be 36.1 megagram carbon (MgC) per ha in the organic paddy soils, while its conventional paddy soils were 29.4 MgC per ha. It showed that the organic paddy soils were 23 % greater than that of its conventional paddy soils. It was estimated that the carbon trading price for economic assessment was ￦758,100 per ha in the organic paddy soil and ￦617,400 per ha in the conventional paddy soil.