• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.452-458
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• 1997

To evaluate the pinhole scintigraphic findings and its significance, authors retrospectively compared the pinhole bone scintigrams and corresponding radiograms of 16 lesions in 14 patients with fibrous dysplasia. They were diagnosed pathologically in 10 lesions and radiologically in 6 lesions. The mean age of patients was 41.1 years. The mean interval between two studies was 1.1 days. Locations were ribs 7, pelvic bone 4, clavicle 1, long bones 4(femur 2, tibia 1, humerus 1). The radiographic findings were as follows : the central portions were radiolucent(n=9), ground-glass opacities(n=5) or sclerotic(n=2) and the peripheral appearance were sclerotic rim(n=5), septation(n=7), cortical perforation (n=10) and invisible cortical thinning(n=9). Pinhole scintigraphic findings were as follows; Central portions showed normal 1+ uptake in 6 cases(radiolucent 5, ground-glass opacity 1), slightly increased 2+ upta- ke in 7 cases(radiolucent 4, ground-glass opacity 3), and marked 3+ uptake in 3 cases(ground-glass opacity 1, sclerotic 2). The 15 of 16 lesions showed more intense uptake in the peripheral portion: slightly increased 2+ uptake corresponding to the sclerotic rim(5/5) and unvisible cortical thinning(1/9), and irregular foci of marked 3 + uptake corresponding to septation(7/7), cortical perforation(10/10) and invisible cortical thinning (8/9). One of 16 lesions showed homogeneous 2+ uptake. In conclusion, pinhole scintigram provides information on regional activity of the fibrous dysplasia, which would be helpful in diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and determination of treatment plan.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.827-832
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• 2004

Background: The significance of MIDCAB is emerging topics recently as OPCAB is going to be universalized, and long-term outcome of bypass graft surgery was proved to be more excellent than balloon dilation or stent insertion. We report our MIDCAB results in 73 patients in the last three years. Material and Method: Retrospective analysis of medical records was done from November 1, 2000 through November 31, 2003. There were 47 males and 26 females ranging in age from 31 years to 79 years (average $61.3\pm9.8$ years). Observation periods after operative procedures were 10 to 1238 days (average $763\pm319.8$ days). Left longitudinal parasternal incision as a standard procedure was done to approach the heart after dissection of the left internal thoracic artery by partial or total resection of 3rd to 5th ribs. Result: Of those patients, 46 patients were transferred to ICU after extubation at operation room and 58 patients were extubated within 3 hours after operation. Average ICU staying periods was $26.8\pm11.5$ hours. Follow-up angiography during admission was done in 36 patients and showed 100% patency. Only one patient died on the 10$^{th}$ post operative day because of sudden CVA. Complications included wound problems in 4 patients, and constructing pericardial window using thoracoscopy due to continuous pericardial effusion in 1. Permanent pacemaker was inserted in one patient owing to sick sinus syndrome. In one patient with recurrence of angina 8 months after operation, stenosis at anastomic site was found and improved with balloon dilatation. Conclusion: We were satisfied with our results of MIDCAB in single and multi-vessel coronary artery disease. These results have made the cardiologists tried to operate positively and we expect widening operative indications including hybrid revascularization.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.59-75
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• 2005

The experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effects of Bosaengtang in pregnant rats and fetuses. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered with Bosaengtang at the dose of 5mg/kg/day for 20 days. Pregnant rats were sacrificed at the 20th day of gestation, and observed internal and reproductive organs. Fetuses were randomly selected and fixed in 95% ethanol. Fetuses were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red S, and observed skeletal malformations. The results obtained were as follows : Bosaengtang administered group showed higher maternal body weight than the control group, but both groups showed increase in weight. Bosaengtang administered group showed lower than the control group, and higher liver and kidney weight than the control group, but the differences were minimal. There were no significant changes between the control and treated group in blood chemistry values and hematological values but all the groups were within in normal ranges. There were no significant changes in the number of corpus luteum, implantation, live fetus and implantation rate, delivery rate, late resorption rate, sex ratio, but Bosaengtang administered group showed higher early resorption rate than control group. comparing the control and Bosaengtang group, neonatal body weight and the number of fetuses were increased in Bosaengtang group. The fetuses of dams treated with Oriental medicine didn't showed external malformation. Vertebral and sternal variations were observed in Bosaengtang group, but the differences were not apparent compared to the control group. The number of ribs, cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were normal. The number of sacral was similar and the number of caudal was increased. Fetuses showed significant difference in the number of caudal vertebrae. (P<0.01) From these results, we can carefully conclude that Bosaengtang showed beneficial effects on maternal body weight, early resorption rate, number of live fetus. There were no significant changes in organ weight, hematoscopy, reproduction organs. External malformation wasn't visible. Skeletal variations were showed in vertebrae and sternum but compared to the control group, these variations weren't much different.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 1997

From January, 1992 to June, 1996, )7 patients with flail chest were treated at Sonnchunhyang university hospital. 15 patients were managed by internal fixation of fractured ribs, whereas the remaining 22 patients were managed by endotracheal intubation and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation alone. There were no difference between two groups in age, sex, the severity of injury to the chest wall and the nature of associated injuries. Average dur'Btion of assisted ventilation was 5.7 $\pm$ 1.7 days in the patients treated by internal fixation versus 8.7 $\pm$ 3.3 days In the patients treated by continuous me hanical ventilation. Average stay in the intensive care unit was 8.3 $\pm$ 3.9 days for the patients treated by internal fixation, whereas it was $13.2\pm4.1$ days in the group treated by continuous mechanical ventilation alone. In the group treated by internal fixation, complications were 3 atelectases(20.0%), 1 pneumonia(6.7%), 2 operative wound problems(12.3%) and 1 barotrauma(6.7%). In the other group, 7 atelectases(31.8%), 4 pneumonitis(18.2%), 2 empyemas(9.1%) and 3 barotraumas(1).6%). The mortality rate was 13.3%(2/15) in the surgically treated patients, whereas it was 22.7%(5122) in the other group. The treatment of flail chest by internal fixation resulted in speedy recovery, decreased complications and mortalities, and better ultimatc cosmetic and functional results.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 1988

The seventeen barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.] accessions, which were collected national-widely in 1986 and selected two times through 1987, were experimented at 1988. To study the degree of ecological variations of the collected accessions of native barngardgrass species as a weed, the experiment was conducted with Wagner pots in size of 1/5000a and under P.E. film house. Among 57 characters, 100 grains weight, rate of tiller increase from transplanting to 30 days, the number of the maximum tillers and rate of dry weight increase from 15 DAS to 22 DAS were become intra-specific variarions as higher coefficient of varation than 30%, the size of the first leaf, fresh weight and dry 22 seedlings, rate of productive tiller, panicle number and tillering divergence made intra-specific variations as more and less C. V. than 25%, while the required days upto heading since seeding at June 6. rate of fresh/dry weight and plant height of 22 days old seedling made intra-specific variations as the coefficient of variation of about 50%. Among the attributes the color in leaf, leaf sheath, mid-ribs, node, spike, grain, and plant type, length of leaf marginal tooth, grain shape, purple bend on leaf were seemed useful to indentify the accessible specific.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.524-531
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• 1996

Purpose : To evaluate the pattern- of skeletal metastases and to classify the pattern of renal uptakes on bone scans in renal cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods : We reviewed the bone scans of 158 patients with RCC established pathologically. In order to identify individual scan lesion as a bone metastasis, we reviewed all available correlative radiological studies, follow-up bone scans, and biopsies for each lesion. The metastatic bone lesions were divided into seven anatomic regions; skull, spine, shoulder girdle, sternum, ribs, pelvis, and long bones of extremities. The individual scan lesions were divided into two groups as the pattern of uptakes, hot and cold lesion. In addition, the contours and uptakes of kidneys with RCC were classified into 6 groups ; normal uptake, photon-deficient lesion, faint up-take with enlargement, uneven uptake with enlargement, lateralization with crescentic shape, and increased uptake. Results : Twenty out of 158(12.7%) patients with RCC at varying stages showed 71 metastatic bone lesions at presentation and on follow- up bone scans. Nearly 80% of all metastatic lesions were in the axial skeleton with predominantly increased uptake of the radioactivity However a considerable number(22.5%) showed cold lesions on bone scan. A half of bone scans revealed abnormal uptake of involved kidney and much more(82.4%) in case of bone metastases. Two common patterns of abnormal renal uptake were photon-deficient lesion (50%) and faint uptake with enlargement(24.3%). In four patients with bone pain or pathologic fracture, bone scans were useful for the serendipitious localization of previously unrecognized primary lesion of RCC as well as for the detection of bone metastases from RCC. Conclusion : The understanding of the pat-terns of skeletal metastases and renal uptakes on bone scans in RCC is important for the useful information about primary lesion(RCC) as well as detection of bone metastases.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 1988

Recent studios have shown that narcotic drags produce an unusually intense, prolonged and segmental analgesic action in man whoa injected into the spinal subarachnoid or epidural space (Wang et al, 1979; Behar et al, 1979; Cousins et al, 1979; Magora et a., 1980, Johnston and McCaughey, 1980). Since 1960, many investigators claimed that low molecular weight(LMW) dextran increased the clinical duration of lidocaine(Loder, 1960; Loder, 1962), tetracaine (Chinn and Wirjoatmadja, 1967) and bupivacaine(Kaplan et al, 1975) in man but the mechanism of the action of dextran was unclear. But Curtiss and Scurlock(1979), and Buckled and Fink(1979) claimed that LMW dextran has no effect on the duration of action of bupivacaine in animal studies. The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of analgesia by the thoracic epidural injection of morphine and bupivacaine mixture for the relief of pain due to fractured or contused ribs, to evaluate the duration of analgesic effect by the use of the above mixture in a hypertonic solution(dextran 70 or 50% dextrose in water) and to observe the possibility of improvement in the lung function after the pain block. The complications following the pain block were also observed. The 50 single thoracic epidural injections of the mixture were divided into three groups : Group 1(n=15) served as a control group and drags used for the relief of pain were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.): morphine($2.13{\pm}1.64\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.10{\pm}1.04\;ml$) and 0.9% saline($3.64{\pm}1.11\;ml$). Group 2(n=16) serves as an experimental group and drugs were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.): morphine($2.13{\pm}0.72\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.06{\pm}0.77\;ml$) and dextran 70($3.75{\pm}1.29\;ml$). Group 3 (n=19) served as an experimental group and drags were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.) : morphine($2.42{\pm}0.51\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.21{\pm}0.71\;ml$) and 50% dextrose in water($3.58{\pm}1.11\;ml$). The results are were follows: 1) The Dumber of patients who obtained excellent and good analgesic effects following the block were greater in the experimental Croup 2(94%) and Group 3 (90%) than theme of the control Group 1 (80%). 2) The duration of pain relief which lasted more than 3 days after the epidural block was longer in the experimental Group 2 (81%) and Group 3 (75%) than those of the control Croup 1(67%). 3) The pulmonary reserve(FVC%+FEV 1.0%) of 27 cases who were treated by the pain block between 1 and 31 drys following the chest injury was increased to about 13% than those before the block, and that of 13 cases between 32 and 82 days following the chest injury was decreased to about 4% than those before the block. 4) Of the complications following the pain block, there were 5 cased(10%) of nausea within 2 hours following the block, 4 cases(8%) of vomiting after 2 hours following the block, 10 cases(20%) of pruritus after 3~4 hours following the block, 17 cases(34%) of transient urinary retention which tasted 8 to 19 hours, 3 cases(6%) of headache within 2 hoers following the block and 2 cases(4%) of dural puncture. In conclusion, it is suggested that the clinical duration of analgesic effect produced by morphine and bupivacaine mixture can be prolonged by addition of the hypertonic solution to the mixture.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.195-202
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• 2013

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of increasing pig market weight on the incidence of the 'caky-fatty' belly, carcass grade and carcass quality traits. To this end, 500 (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) ${\times}$ Duroc market pigs consisting of equal numbers of barrows and gilts were slaughtered at body weights ranging from 85 to 150 kg and their carcasses were analyzed. Backfat thickness (BFT; mm) of the barrows and gilts regressed on live weight (kg) linearly as follows: BFT (y) = 0.1827x + 3.4825 ($r^2$ = 0.4671) and y = 0.2015x-0.6972 ($r^2$ = 0.4736), respectively. The caky-fatty belly, which, by definition of the present study, had = 55% fat by weight in the dorsal-side half of a 5 cm-wide belly strip between the $11^{th}$ and $12^{th}$ ribs, was found in 10 carcasses from barrows. However, no belly was condemned as 'caky-fatty' by the retailers. Total number of carcasses which were down-graded on account of overweight was as many as 101 (20.2%). The $1^+A$-grade carcasses exhibited a superior intramuscular fat score to all other grades, but except for this and the defective quality traits, no visible differences were found in carcass quality among different carcass grades. In conclusion, the current carcass grading system, which is sparingly reflective of the carcass quality and also under-evaluates the larger but otherwise normal carcasses, may as well be revised. Moreover, the incidence of the caky-fatty belly appears not to be a critical factor to be considered when increasing the pig market weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.747-759
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• 2001

The sanitary status of 264 restaurants was investigated to develop a program of sanitary education at restaurants for improving sanitary levels of restaurant and consumers’ food safety. This investigation was performed through direct interviews on general items and sanitations for employees, facilities, equipments and food treatment. The restaurants are grouped into four different types according to the food served: Korean style food, Japanese style raw fish, roasted ribs, and western style food. It is found that sanitary education for employees are conducted at 66.5% of the total restaurants. The highest percentages are obtained by Korean style food restaurants (83.1%) and the lowest by western style food restaurants (55.6%).Washing facilities for employees are equipped at only 66.8% of the total restaurants. In the personal sanitation, 96.6% of the employees wash their hand after touching a dirty stuff, 77.5% after touching money and 57.1% after using telephone. It is also revealed that during food preparation shoes, overgarments, and caps are worn by 58.5%, 55.5%, and 20.6% of the employees, respectively. 73.5% of the restaurants are equipped with dish storages facilities while only 59.2% of restaurants have sterilizers for dishes. Also, chopping boards are sterilized more than once a week by 74.8% of them and knives everyday by 71.6%, 15.4% of restaurants sterilize their knives only once a week. 56.8% of restaurants check temperatures of the refrigerators and 26.2% of restaurants do not even sterilize the refrigerators. 31.8% of restaurants sterilize the kitchens with sodium hopochlorite after cooking. 93.3% of the restaurants store the raw food and the cooked foods separately. 49.8% of the restaurants refroze thawed food and 19.4% of the restaurants reuse leftovers. The frozen foods are thawed at room temperature by 49.4% of the total restaurants and 66.7% of the roasted rib restaurants.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2020

The chest wall, an organ directly affected by environmental particles through respiration, consists of ribs, a pleural layer and intercostal muscles. To diagnose early and treat disease in this body part, it is important to visualize the details of the chest wall, but the structure of the pleural layer cannot be seen by chest computed tomography or ultrasound. On the other hand, optical coherence tomography (OCT), with a high spatial resolution, is suited to observe pleural-layer response to talc, one of the fine materials. However, intensity-based OCT is weak in providing information to distinguish the detailed structure of the chest wall, and cannot distinguish the reaction of the pleural layer from the change in the muscle by the talc. Polarization-sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) takes advantage of the fact that specific tissues like muscle, which have optical birefringence, change the backscattered light's polarization state. Moreover, the birefringence of muscle associated with the arrangement of myofilaments indicates the muscle's condition, by measuring retardation change. The PS-OCT image is interpreted from three major perspectives for talc-exposure chest-wall imaging: a thickened pleural layer, a separation between pleural layer and muscle, and a phase-retardation measurement around lesions. In this paper, a rabbit chest wall after talc pleurodesis is investigated by PS-OCT. The PS-OCT images visualize the pleural layer and muscle, respectively, and this system shows different birefringence of normal and damaged lesions. Also, an analyisis based on phase-retardation slope supports results from the PS-OCT image and histology.