• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2014

Background: Recently, reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has been accepted as a main treatment option in irreparable massive rotator cuff tear with cuff arthropathy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early complication incidence and the preliminary clinical results of RTSAs performed in single institute. Methods: Fifty-seven RTSAs (56 patients) were performed between April 2011 and March 2013. The indications for RTSA were cuff tear arthropathy and irreparable massive rotator cuff tear with or without pseudoparalysis. Exclusion criteria were revision, preoperative infections and fractures. At final follow-up, 45 shoulders were enrolled. Mean follow-up duration was 12.5 months (range, 6-27 months). The mean age at the time of surgery was 73.6 years (range, 58-87 years). All the patients were functionally accessed via Constant score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, pain and functional visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and active range of motion. Complications were documented as major and minor. Major complications include fractures, infections, dislocations, nerve palsies, aseptic loosening of humeral or glenoid components, or glenoid screw problems. Minor complications include radiographic scapular notching, hematomas, heterotopic ossification, algodystrophy, intraoperative dislocations, intraoperative cement extravasation, or radiographic lucent lines of the glenoid. Results: The mean Constant score increased from 31.4 to 53.8 (p < 0.001). The pain and functional VAS scores improved (5.2 to 2.7, p < 0.001, 4.0 to 6.7, p < 0.001) and active forward flexion improved from $96.9^{\circ}$ to $125.6^{\circ}$ (p = 0.011). One or more complications occurred in 16 (35.6%) of 45 shoulders, with one failure (2.2%) resulting in the removal of implants by late infection. The single most common complication was scapular notching (9 [20%]). There were 4 (8.9%) axillary nerve palsies postoperatively (n=3: transient n. palsy, n=1: Symptom existed at 11 months postoperatively but improving). Conclusions: In a sort term follow-up, RTSA provided substantial gain in overall function. Most common early complications were scapular notching and postoperative neuropathy. Although overall early complication rate was as high as reported by several authors, most of the complications can be observable without compromise to patients' clinical outcome. Long term follow-up is required to clarify the clinical result and overall complication rate.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2014

Background: To investigate the effectiveness of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) in treating irreparable massive rotator cuff tears (RCTs). Methods: Twenty-nine patients who underwent RTSA for the treatment of irreparable massive RCTs and completed follow-up for at least 1 year were selected. Their mean age was 69.7 years (range, 59-80 years). The mean follow-up was 17.7 months (range, 12-42 months). The shoulder range of motion was measured preoperatively and at final follow-up. The functional result was evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon (ASES) score, and Korean Shoulder Society (KSS) score. Additionally, the shoulders were categorized into two groups depending on prior history of surgery and the clinical outcomes were analyzed between two groups. Results: Mean pain VAS improved, from $6.6{\pm}1.2$ to $2.7{\pm}0.9$ (p=0.001), and the mean functional VAS from $35.7{\pm}4.2$ to $73.3{\pm}5.4$ (p=0.006). The mean ASES score improved from $37.2{\pm}2.8$ to $75.0{\pm}3.8$ (p=0.012). The mean KSS improved from $36.5{\pm}7.2$ to $75.6{\pm}5.4$ (p=0.009), the mean forward elevation from $66.3{\pm}4.7$ to $135.6{\pm}8.4$ (p=0.0001), and the mean abduction from $45.2{\pm}4.2$ to $119.0{\pm}6.5o$ (p=0.0001). Internal rotation differed significantly from the first sacral to the third lumbar vertebrae (p=0.036). External rotation did not change significantly (p=0.076). There was also no statistically significant difference between groups (no previous operation versus none). Four complications occurred: one superficial infection, one with anterior dislocation, one acromial fracture, and one clavicle fracture. Conclusions: RTSA provides reliable pain relief and recovery of shoulder function in patients with massive irreparable RCTs in short-term follow-up.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.24-28
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• 2019

Background: Glenoid baseplate location is important to good clinical outcomes of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). The glenoid vault is the determining factor for glenoid baseplate location, but, to date, there are no reports on the effect of central cage location within the glenoid vault on RTSA outcomes when using the $Exactech^{(R)}$ $Equinoxe^{(R)}$ Reverse System. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate cage location in relation to the glenoid vault and monitor for vault and/or cortex penetration by the cage. Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from the Samsung Medical Center (SMC) and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH). Patients who underwent RTSA between November 2016 and February 2018 were enrolled. Glenoid vault depth, central cage location within the vault were examined. Inferior glenoid rim-center distance, inferior glenoid rim-cage distance, and center-cage center distances were collected. Results: Twenty-two patients were enrolled. Three SNUBH patients had inappropriate central cage fixation (33.3%) versus 4 SMC patients (30.8%). All cage exposures were superior and posterior to the glenoid vault. Mean center-cage distance was 5.0 mm in the SNUBH group and 5.21 mm in the SMC group. Center-prosthesis distance was significantly longer in the inappropriate fixation group than in the appropriate fixation group (p<0.024). Conclusions: To ensure appropriate glenoid baseplate fixation within the glenoid vault, especially in a small glenoid, the surgeon should place the cage lower than usually targeted, and it should overhang the inferior glenoid rim.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.105-110
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• 2011

목적: 견관절 역행성 인공관절 치환술의 합병증을 이해하고 이에 대한 최신의 예방 및 치료 방법을 고찰하는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다. 대상 및 방법: 기존의 구속형 인공관절 기구 (구-소켓 관절 혹은 역행성 구형 관절 디자인)는 견갑골의 외측에 회전 중심이 유지되어 제한된 관절 운동과 관절와 기구에 발생한 과도한 회전력으로 인해 조기 해리를 유발하여 실패해왔다. Grammont 역행성 인공관절 기구는 삼각근이 작용하는 새로운 생역학적 환경을 도입하여 회전근개 결손을 보상할 수 있도록 해준다. 결과: 임상적 경험이 생역학 개념에 부응하면 역행성 인공관절은 회전근 개 결손 견관절 환자에서 $90^{\circ}$이상의 능동적 거상을 회복하게 한다. 그러나 외회전은 특히 소원근 지방침윤 내지 결손이 있는 환자들에서는 종종 제한이 남는다. 내회전 역시 역행성 인공관절 후에는 거의 회복되지 않는다. 삼각근에 충분한 긴장을 회복하지 못하면 인공관절 불안성이 초래된다. 결론: 인공관절 치환술 후 재수술에서 그 결과는 예측가능성이 떨어지고, 합병증 및 재치환술 비율이 더 높음을 인지해야만 한다. 합병증을 인지하고 예방하기 위해서는 명확한 정의와 평가 지침을 포함한 표준화된 감시 장치가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.357-365
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• 2023

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of concomitant open distal clavicle excision (DCE) on postoperative clinical outcomes and incidence of acromial and scapular stress fractures (ASFs) in patients with symptomatic acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis (ACJ OA) undergoing reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). Methods: A single-surgeon retrospective cohort study was conducted including patients who underwent primary elective RTSA with or without DCE from 2015 to 2019 with a minimum 6-month follow-up period. Shoulder active range of motion (AROM) and visual analog scale (VAS) pain were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively. ASFs and other adverse events were identified using postoperative notes and/or radiographs. Characteristics and outcomes were compared between the RTSA and RTSA-DCE groups. Results: Forty-six RTSA patients (mean age, 67.9±8.7 years; 60.9% male; mean follow-up, 24.9±16.6 months) and 70 RTSA-DCE patients (mean age, 70.2±8.9 years; 20.0% male; mean follow-up, 22.7±12.9 months) were included. There were no significant intergroup differences in rates of ASF (RTSA, 0.0% vs. RTSA-DCE, 1.4%; P=1.00), stress reactions (RTSA, 8.7% vs. RTSA-DCE, 11.4%; P=0.76), reoperation, revision, or infection (all P>0.05), or in pre-to-postoperative reduction in VAS pain (P=0.17) at latest follow-up. However, the RTSA-DCE group had greater pre-to-postoperative improvement in flexion AROM (RTSA, 43.7°±38.5° vs. RTSA-DCE, 59.5°±33.4°; P=0.03) and internal rotation (IR) AROM (P=0.02) at latest follow-up. Conclusions: Concomitant DCE in RTSA improves shoulder flexion and IR AROM, alleviates shoulder pain, and does not increase the risk of ASFs. Level of evidence: III.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2019

Rotator cuff tear is a common cause of shoulder pain and disability in adults. Due to the various nature of progression of rotator cuff tears and the complex biomechanics of the shoulder joint, repair and treatment of large-to-massive tears are challenging for many surgeons. Despite the recent popularity of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty as a treatment option for large-to-massive irreparable rotator cuff tears, biological and mechanical repair augmentation has also shown promise as a viable treatment option. The purpose of this study was to briefly summarize and review current studies on the assessment and arthroscopic treatment of large-to-massive rotator cuff tears, whether repairable or irreparable, to aid in developing a consensus on future treatment directions.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.105-108
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• 2020

Stress fractures of the acromion and scapular spine are well-known complications following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. However, these fractures in patients with massive rotator cuff tear or cuff tear arthropathy are extremely rare, and the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these fractures are poorly understood. We report a case of bilateral stress fracture of the posterior angle of the acromion in a patient with massive rotator cuff tear and discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, and treatment with a review of the literature.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2013

목적: 심한 회전근 개 부전을 동반한 관절와 상완 관절염 환자나 가성 마비 환자들에 대한 치료로 역형 견관절 전치환술 시행한 후 최소 3년 추시 결과를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2007년 7월부터 2010년 7월까지 본원에서 역형 견관절 전치환술을 시행 받은 13명(남자: 3명, 여자: 10명)의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 추시 기간은 평균 54.2개월(37~74개월)이었으며, 임상적 결과는 동통에 대한 VAS 점수, 능동적 관절 운동 범위, ASES 평가 방법, Korean 견관절 평가 방법을 이용하였으며, 수술 중 및 수술 후 합병증에 대해서 분석하였다. 결과: 총 13예 중 지연성 심부 감염을 제외한 11예의 동통에 대한 VAS 점수는 술 전 평균 7.5(6~10)점에서 술 후 1.5(0~4)점으로, 능동적 전방 거상은 $42.7(10{\sim}100)^{\circ}$ 에서 $129.1(110{\sim}180)^{\circ}$ 로, ASES 점수는 32.9(11.7~46.7)점에서 80.2(58.3~95.0)점으로, KSS 점수는 36.8(24~47)점에서 78.4(61~92)점으로 호전되었다. 합병증으로는 다양한 정도의 관절와 절흔이 총 13예 중 12예, 수술 중 관절와 골절 1예, 일시적인 신경 손상이 2예 발생하였고, 지연성 심부 감염이 2예 발생하여 재수술이 필요하였다. 결론: 역형 견관절 전치환술은 최소 3년의 추시 결과, 심한 회전근 개 부전을 동반한 관절와 상완 관절염 환자나 가성 마비 환자들에 대해 효과적인 치료 방법의 하나로 생각된다. 그러나, 술 후 재수술이 필요한 지연성 심부 감염 등의 심각한 합병증과 수술 술기와 관련한 합병증의 발생 가능성을 고려해 볼 때 숙련된 의사에 의해 매우 신중하게 시행 되어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한정형외과학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.418-426
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• 2019

목적: 고령의 탈구가 동반된 회전근 개 대파열 및 광범위 파열에서 상완골두 탈중심화의 특징을 분석하고자 한다. 또한 견관절 불안 정성 및 치료에 대해서도 살펴보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2005년 5월부터 2017년 2월까지 65세 이상의 견관절 탈구가 동반된 회전근개 대파열 및 광범위 파열의 45명, 45견 관절 A군과 탈구를 동반하지 않은 회전근 개 대파열 및 광범위 파열의 45명, 45견관절 B군을 대상으로 하였다. 평균 연령은 각각 73.2세, 72.1세였으며 평균 추시 기간은 각각 30.7개월, 31.3개월이었다. A군의 21예(46.7%)에서 관절경적 회전근 개 봉합술만을 시행 받았고 8예(17.8%)에서 회전근 개 봉합술과 함께 전방 관절와순 복원술을 시행 받았다. 16예(35.6%)에서 회전근 개 파열 관절병증으로 역행성 인공관절 전치환술을 시행 받았다. B군의 45예(100%)에서 관절경하 회전근 개 봉합술을 시행 받았다. 저자들은 두 군의 술 전 자기공명영상에서 상완골두 중심부이탈과 상완골두 상승을 측정하였다. 두 군의 시각통증등급 점수, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) 점수 및 University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) 점수가 각각 분석되었다. 결과: A군과 B군의 상완골두 중심부이탈은 평균 후방 7.41 mm와 평균 후방 2.02 mm (p=0.03)였고, 상완골두 상승은 평균 상방 6.66 mm와 평균 상방 2.44 mm (p=0.02)였다. A군과 B군의 ASES 점수는 술 전 평균 32.8점과 평균 33.4점에서 술 후 평균 77.1점(p=0.02)과 78.1점(p=0.02)이었고, 두 군 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.18). UCLA 점수는 술 전 평균 13.1점과 12.8점에서 술 후 평균 28.9점(p=0.02)과 29.5점(p=0.01)으로 향상되었으며. 두 군 사이에 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p=0.15). 결론: 65세 이상 고령의 회전근 개 대파열 및 광범위 파열에서 견관절 탈구가 있는 환자들은 없는 환자들보다 술 전 자기공명영상에서 상완골두 중심부이탈과 상완골두 상승이 더 크게 측정되었다. 이러한 측정 방법은 견관절 불안정성을 예상하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 되도록 조기에 회전근 개 봉합술을 시행하며, 전방 관절와순 복원술, 역행성 인공관절 전치환술 등의 다른 치료도 동시에 적극적으로 고려되어야 한다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.220-226
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• 2018

Background: This study introduces a surgical technique with good clinical outcome useful in the treatment of osteoporotic displaced 3- or 4-part proximal humeral fractures. Methods: From May 2014 to February 2016, 16 patients with displaced 3- or 4-part proximal humeral fractures were treated by application of a locking plate with an endosteal strut allograft via a deltoid splitting approach with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. The allograft was inserted through a fractured gap of the greater tuberosity to support the humeral head and then fixed by a locking plate with meticulous soft tissue dissection to protect the axillary nerve. Surgical outcomes were evaluated by the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, radiological imaging, and clinical examination. Fixation failure on radiographs was defined as a >$5^{\circ}$ loss of neck shaft angle (NSA) compared to that on an immediate postoperative radiograph. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the humeral head was also evaluated. Results: In all cases, complete union was achieved. The ASES and VAS scores were improved to $85.4{\pm}2.1$ and $3.2{\pm}1.3$, respectively. Twelve patients (75.0%) had greater than a $5^{\circ}$ change in NSA; the average NSA change was $3.8^{\circ}$. Five patients (31.3%) had unsatisfactory ranges of motion exhibiting a <$100^{\circ}$ active forward flexion. No axillary nerve injuries or AVN were observed at the last follow-up. One patient was converted to reverse total arthroplasty due to severe pain and functional deficit. Conclusions: Minimally invasive fixation via a locking compression plate and an endosteal fibula strut allograft in Neer classification 3-or 4-part fractures with severe osteoporosis in elderly patients can achieve good clinical results.