• 제목/요약/키워드: return period

검색결과 1,001건 처리시간 0.026초

Do good return policies work across cultures? Effect of lenient return policies on online shopper perceptions in Eastern culture

  • Yang, SuJin;Choi, Yun Jung
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • 제15권2호
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    • pp.75-97
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    • 2013
  • While good return policies are suggested as one of the critical services for e-commerce, ambivalence between the burden of the cost and shoppers' satisfaction may prevent e-tailers from increasing their level of leniency. Based on the S-O-R model, this study has attempted to develop a grounded theory to explain how lenient return policies shape online shoppers' perceptions and responses, with a focus on cultural influences in the relationship. In order to check the cultural effects of the lenient return policy, thirty two female and eleven male undergraduate students in South Korean shoppers, who are accustomed to strict return policies, participated in the semi-structured interview. A series of open-ended questions were designed to explore consumers' reactions toward four different levels of the lenient return policy: from the strict type in South Korea to the lenient type in the U.S. Using qualitative research methods, this research has defined three types of dimensions of lenient return policy: return possible period, complexity of progress, and other restrictions. While previous researchers did not pay much attention, the last dimension, other restrictions, is shown to be the most significant in influencing online shoppers' perceptions, especially in South Korea. Also, the impacts on online shoppers' perceptions from the three types of sub-dimensions of return policy were somewhat different. Whereas a longer return possible period was considered more favorable, a medium level of complexity and restrictions were considered more desirable. In summary, this result showed that shoppers in Eastern cultures, i.e. South Korean online shoppers, seem favorable to a medium level of lenient return policies, while allowing for taking precautions against possible fraudulent behaviors and setting other restrictions. Therefore, most of retailers in South Korea recommended that e-tailers who adopt the most lenient return policies raise the bar to guard ethical shoppers from fraudulent users. Next, lenient return policies can enhance ease of use, usefulness, affect, and trust while relieving perceived risk, which is connected to intention to purchase, satisfaction, and loyalty. Interestingly, lenient return policies are more likely to change the behavioral responses of online shoppers, such as return and purchase, rather than change their attitudes or beliefs such as image, satisfaction, and loyalty. This tendency can be seen more clearly in the direct influences of return policy on responses. The reaction to lenient return policy is mostly the intention to return or to purchase. This suggests that return policy serves the e-tailers as a powerful tool in increasing online shoppers' purchase intention at the moment of purchase. Therefore, e-tailers who plan to expand their market to eastern countries, including South Korea, have to build a shield of restrictions around their lenient return policy, rather than immediately applying their original liberalized return policy. Also, e-tailers in South Korea need to review their strict and undifferentiated return policies to deal with the unsatisfied reactions of online shoppers toward their normal return policies. Although the present study was confined to the return policies currently being practiced by popular e-tailers, it would be worthwhile to develop effective return policies separately for each country, especially South Korea, keeping the culture of the relevant country in mind.

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초고층 철골대각가새골조의 내진성능평가 (Seismic Performance Evaluation of Highrise Steel Diagrid Frames)

  • 김선웅
    • 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.307-317
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    • 2011
  • 본 논문은 강풍대이면서 약진대에 위치하는 내풍설계된 초고층건물이 경험할 수 있는 잠재적 지진에 대한 내진성능평가를 통해서 탄성내진설계의 가능성을 검토하는 것이다. 최근에 가장 각광받고 있는 구조시스템인 초고층 철골대각가새골조를 내풍설계하고, 내풍설계과정에서 상당한 시스템초과강도가 유입됨을 확인하였다. 초고층 철골대각가새골조에 대하여 다양한 지반조건에 따른 응답스펙트럼해석과 내진성능평가를 수행하였다. 우리나라와 같이 강풍대에 위치하면서 약진대에 속하는 환경하에서 세장비 5.2이상의 초고층 철골대각가새골조는 500년 재현주기 지진동에 대해서는 탄성저항할 수 있음을 보여주었고, 세장비 6.9의 초고층 철골대각가새골조는 2400년 재현주기 지진동에 대해서도 탄성설계가 가능함을 확인하였다. 500년 재현주기 지진동에 대해서 초고층 철골대각가새골조는 부재수준에서 지반조건에 관계없이, 2400년 재현주기 지진동에 대해서도 $S_E$지반을 제외하고는 세장비 5.2이상의 모델에서 모두 "즉시거주" 수준을 나타내었다. 시스템수준에서 초고층 철골대각가새골조는 500년 재현주기 지진동에 대해서 세장비 5.2이상의 모델은 $S_A$$S_B$지반에서는 즉시거주, $S_C{\sim}S_E$ 지반에서는 "인명안전" 수준을 나타내었다. 2400년 재현주기 지진동에 대해서는 500년 재현주기보다 한 단계 낮은 내진성능수준을 보여주었다.

설계기준 변경에 따른 유출계수 추정 - 공원을 중심으로 - (Estimation of Runoff Coefficient according to Revision of Design Criteria, in case of Park)

  • 김태균;김태진;이보림
    • 한국습지학회지
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.209-217
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    • 2016
  • 합리식은 유역 면적, 강우강도와 토지이용 또는 표면형태에 따라 결정되는 일정한 범위의 유출계수로 이루어져있다. 2011년에 개정된 하수도시설기준에서는 5~10년 재현기간의 설계홍수량을 증가하기 위해 재현기간을 10~30년으로 조정하였다. Ponce, ASCE 등은 재현기간(강우강도)이 클수록 큰 유출계수를 적용할 것을 제시하고 있으나, 재현기간의 상향조정에 따른 유출계수의 증가에 대하여서는 현재 조정되지 않은 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 토지이용 및 표면형태에 많은 차이를 보이는 공원을 대상으로 불투수면적비 변화와 설계확률년수 조정에 따른 유출계수를 추정하고자 한다. 첫째, 20개 도시에서 무작위로 선정된 1,004개 공원을 대상으로 표면형태별 면적비를 구하여 유출계수를 추정하였다. 둘째, 재현기간 조정에 대한 영향은 재현기간 10년에 대한 30년의 유출계수비를 69개 기상관측소 지점에 대하여 지속기간별로 구하였다. 이에 따라, 표면형태의 차이와 재현기간 조정을 고려한 재현기간 10~30년 에 대한, 공원의 유출계수는 0.43~0.54의 범위를 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 지역적 편차와 지속기간별 편차는 크지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

범용토양유실공식의 강우침식도 추정 (Estimation of Rainfall Erosivity in USLE)

  • 김창완;우효섭;선우중호
    • 한국수자원학회논문집
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    • 제32권4호
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    • pp.457-467
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    • 1999
  • 유역의 토양유실량을 정확하게 추정하는 방법은 아직 없으며 현재로서 가장 바람직한 유사한 지역의 토양유실량 실측자료를 이용하는 것이다. 이러한 실측자료가 없는 경우에는 범용토양유실공식(USLE, Universal Soil Loss Equation)과 같이 경험적으로 토양유실량을 추정하는 방법 등을 이용할 수 있다. 범용토양유실공식의 인자 중 지역의 수문 특성에 지배되는 되는 것으로 강우침식도(rainfall erosivity) {{{{{ R}_{}}}}} 이 있다. 본 연구에서는 지속기간 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24-hr에 대한 재현기간 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 80, 100, 150, 200, 500-yr의 확률강우량을 구하였고 이를 이용하여 빈도별 지속기간 24-hr 설계호우의 지점별 {{{{ { R}_{ } }}}} 값을 구하였다. 지점별{{{{ { R}_{ } }}}} 값을 내삽하여 우리 나라 전역의 등{{{{ { R}_{ } }}}}선도를 작성하였다. 본 연구에서 구해진 재현기간 5-yr, 지속기간 24-hr 설계호우의 등{{{{ { R}_{ } }}}}선도는 연평균 등{{{{ { R}_{ } }}}}선도와 매우 유사하였고, 임의 재현기간에 해당하는 {{{{ { R}_{ } }}}}값은 재현기간 5-yr 또는 연평균{{{{ { R}_{ } }}}}값에 적절한 배율을 곱하여 추정할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 구해진 재현기간별 지속시간 24-hr 설계호우의 등{{{{{R}_{}}}}} 선도는 침사지 등의 설계에 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

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대평 양수장 지구의 농업용수회귀율 추정 (Estimation of Return Flow Rate of Irrigation Water in Daepyeong Pumping District)

  • 김태철;이호천;문종필
    • 한국농공학회논문집
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    • 제52권1호
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    • pp.41-49
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    • 2010
  • Return flow rate of irrigation water was estimated by water balance method. Daepyeong pumping district to irrigate 75.8 ha of rice paddy in the Geum river basin was selected to install gauging instruments to collect data such as weather, water levels, infiltration rate and evapotranspiration during irrigation season (May 27 to Sept. 20) in 2003 and 2004. Irrigation and drainage discharge were calculated from the rating curve and evapotranspiration was estimated both by the modified Penman formula and by the lysimeter. The results were as followed : 1. Total amounts of pumping water during irrigation season were $1,076,000\;m^3$ in 2003 and $1,848,000\;m^3$ in 2004. Total amounts of rainfall were 1336.0mm and 1003.0mm respectively during the irrigation season in 2003 and 2004. 2. It was surveyed that the amount of infiltration was 196.5 mm (2.2 mm/day). The gauged evapotranspiration was 311.0 mm (3.5 mm/day) and the calculated evapotranspiration was 346.0 mm (3.9 mm/day) during irrigation period in 2003. It was surveyed that the amount of infiltration was 169.9 mm (2.4 mm/day). The amount of gauged evapotranspiration was 377.3 mm (5.3 mm/day) and the calculated evapotranspiration was 454.5 mm (6.6 mm/day) during irrigation period in 2004. 3. The rates of quick and delayed return flow were 52.4 % and 17.7 % respectively, and so return flow rate was 70.1 % in 2003. The rates of quick and delayed return flow were 45.4 % and 16.1 % respectively, and so return flow rate was 61.5 % in 2004. It means that average return flow rate in the Daepyeong pumping district was assumed to be 65 %.

식스 시그마 도입기간이 기업의 재무적 성과에 미치는 영향 연구: 평활 스플라인 함수를 이용하여 (The Study on Relation between Six Sigma Implemented Period and Financial Performance: Using Smoothing Spline Function)

  • 류창헌;박민재
    • 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.78-89
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    • 2016
  • Purpose: In this paper, we investigate whether the endeavors for Six Sigma quality management by a firm have positive effects on its financial performance and the length of Six Sigma implemented period affects its financial status. We find a relationship between Six Sigma implemented period and several financial performance index using a smoothing spline function. Methods: A smoothing spline function is used in order to analyze the relationship between efforts for quality management and financial performance. Specifically, the return on assets, return on equity, sales cost and business fee are investigated as dependent variables and the efforts for quality management as independent variable. Results: As a result of the analysis, the indication is that companies that put effects into the Six Sigma quality management have a positive result in its financial status. In detail, the efforts for Six Sigma quality management have positive effects on total asset turnover ratio and Six Sigma implemented period on net income to net sales ratio. Additionally, companies with longer (shorter) period of Six Sigma program have more (less) improvement in its financial status. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the company's efforts for quality management positively influence financial performance.

하수관거 통수능 검토를 통한 관거 개선방안 연구 (Sewerage rehabilitation strategy based on sewer capacity evaluation)

  • 류재나;오재일;오석호
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.47-55
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    • 2009
  • Sewers are important national infrastructure and play an essential part by handling both wastewater and stormwater to minimise problems caused to human life and the environment. However, they can cause urban flooding when rainfall exceeds the system capacity. Sewer flooding is an unwelcome and increasingly frequent problem in many urban areas, and its frequency will increase over time with urbanisation and climate change. Under current standards, sewers are designed to drain stormwater generated by up to 10 year return period storms, but data suggests that many in practice have been experienced flooding with exceeding system capacity under increased storm events. A large number of studies has considered upgrading or increasing the design standard but there are still lack of information to propose a suitable return period with the corresponding system quantity to achieve. A methodology is required to suggest a proper level of standard within a suitable sewerage rehabilitation planning that can avoid the exceedance problem. This study aimed to develop a methodology to support effective sewer rehabilitation that could prevent urban flooding mainly resulted from the exceedance of existing storm sewer system capacity. Selected sewerage rehabilitation methods were examined under different storm return periods and compared to achieve the best value for money.

포아송 과정을 이용한 과우해의 재현기간 및 지속특성 분석 (Analysis of Dry Year Return Period and Duration Based on the Poisson Process)

  • 유철상
    • 한국수자원학회논문집
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    • 제37권1호
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    • pp.13-19
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    • 2004
  • 본 연구에서는 포아송 과정을 이용하여 과우해의 재현기간 및 지속특성을 정량화 해 보았다. 대상 지점은 서울 지점으로 하였고 1911년 이후의 자료를 이용하였다. 먼저 포아송 과정을 적용하기 위한 최대 절단수준은 대략 평균에서 표준편차의 50%를 뺀 정도로 결정되었고, 이러한 절단수준에 대해 관측치와 포아송 과정을 비교하였다. 특히, 과우해의 평균 재현기간 및 지속기간은 관측치와 아주 유사한 값을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이는 가뭄을 정량화 하는 경우에도 포아송 과정이 효과적으로 이용될 수 있음을 나타낸다.

기후변화에 따른 주요 도시의 하수도 침수 재현기간 예측 (Prediction of Return Periods of Sewer Flooding Due to Climate Change in Major Cities)

  • 박규홍;유순유;뱜바도지 엘베자르갈
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제30권1호
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    • pp.41-49
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    • 2016
  • In this study, rainfall characteristics with stationary and non-stationary perspectives were analyzed using generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution and Gumbel distribution models with rainfall data collected in major cities of Korea to reevaluate the return period of sewer flooding in those cities. As a result, the probable rainfall for GEV and Gumbel distribution in non-stationary state both increased with time(t), compared to the stationary probable rainfall. Considering the reliability of ${\xi}_1$, a variable reflecting the increase of storm events due to climate change, the reliability of the rainfall duration for Seoul, Daegu, and Gwangju in the GEV distribution was over 90%, indicating that the probability of rainfall increase was high. As for the Gumbel distribution, Wonju, Daegu, and Gwangju showed the higher reliability while Daejeon showed the lower reliability than the other cities. In addition, application of the maximum annual rainfall change rate (${\xi}_1{\cdot}t$) to the location parameter made possible the prediction of return period by time, therefore leading to the evaluation of design recurrence interval.

출혈성 쇼크가 심폐기능 및 산.염기평형에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Hypovolemic Hypotension on Cardiopulmonary Functions and Acid-Base Balance)

  • 소원영;이성행
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.131-142
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    • 1973
  • Studies of cardiopulmonary function and acid-base balance were performed on 29 dogs during control period, during oligemic hypotension and following return of blood to the animals. Intravenous morphine and local anesthesia were used. Fifteen of the 29 animals survived the complete experiment. The 14 animals that failed to survive the experimental period died between 15 to 90 minutes after the onset of bleeding. The results were as follows. 1. The heart rate increased after the onset of bleeding and failed to return to control level following reinfusion. Stroke volume decreased markedly after bleeding and failed to recover after return of blood from the reservoir. Cardiac output also decreased during oligemic hypotension and was maintained at this level after re-infusion. Total peripheral resistance decreased significantly immediately after bleeding, however it increased soon over the pre-bleeding level. Central venous pressure decreased after the onset of bleeding and remained at lower level for the rest of the experimental period. Arterial blood pressure, clown to 40-45 mmHg by acute hemorrhage, was elevated near to control level. Left ventricular work decreased tremendously during oligemic hypotension and failed to return to control level with the re-infusion of blood. Hematocrit value showed no significant decrease after bleeding and increased after re-infusion. Hemoglobin decreased after the onset of bleeding and recovered to control value after re-infusion. 2. The respiratory rate fell rapidly after bleeding from 124 to 29 and remained at this lower level for the remainder of the experiment. The tidal volume increased after bleeding and was maintained at this level for the remainder of the experiment. The respiratory minute volume showed no significant changes throughout the experimental period. Oxygen consumption fell lightly in all animals during oligemic hypotension and returned to normal levels following re-infusion. Arterial oxygen content and arterial oxygen saturation decreased following bleeding and the values returned to normal levels after the return of blood from the reservoir The arterio-venous oxygen difference increased after the onset of bleeding. It failed to return to normal values following re-infusion. Arterial $Pco_2$ decreased in all animals after the beginning of the bleeding. Partial pressure of $Co_2$ continued to fall until re-infusion, after which the values returned toward normal. Animals became acidotic. The pH fell to lower level following bleeding. Lactic acid and lactate: pyruvate ratio also increased during same period. Arterial pH and lactic acid failed to return to control value and lactate: pyruvate ratio increased more after re-infusion. Sodium bicarbonate decreased after bleeding and returned to control value following re-infusion.

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