• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.157-164
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• 2011

The influence of sodium salts and chlorides at various concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00%) on the reheating behavior of retrograded rice starch and cooked rice was investigated. The degree of gelatinization of the all retrograded rice starch gels and the cooked rice containing sodium salts and chlorides increased after reheating compared to the starches without salt. Gelatinization also showed an increasing trend as the concentration of sodium salts and chlorides increased. The increase of gelatinization after reheating the samples containing sodium salts and chlorides was greater than 38.0%. The reheated retrograded rice starch and cooked rice containing $Na_3PO_4$ showed the lowest set back value and retrogradation rate constant. Among all the samples, the cooked sample containing $Na_3PO_4$ showed the highest increment of gelatinization after reheating. Also, this same sample showed the lowest retrogradation degree.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2012

The effects of retrograded rice on body weight gain, gut functions, and hypolipidemic actions in rats were examined. When the retrograded rice was produced by repetitive heating and cooling cycles, it contained significantly higher amounts of resistant starch ($13.9{\pm}0.98%$) than is found in common rice ($9.1{\pm}1.02%$) (P < 0.05). Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either common rice powder or retrograded rice powder, and mean body weight gain was significantly lower in the retrograded rice group (P < 0.05). The liver weight of the retrograded rice group ($14.5{\pm}0.5\;g$) was significantly lower than that of the common rice group ($17.1{\pm}0.3\;g$, P < 0.05). However, the weights of other organs, such as the kidney, spleen, thymus, and epididymal fat pad were not significantly affected by rice feeding. Intestinal transit time tended to be lower in rats fed retrograded rice when compared to rats fed the common rice, but the difference was not significant. The retrograded rice diet significantly increased stool output when compared to that in the common rice powder diet (P < 0.05), whereas fecal moisture content (%) was significantly higher in the retrograded rice group ($23.3{\pm}1.2$) than that in the common rice group ($19.1{\pm}1.2$) (P < 0.05). The retrograded rice group had significantly lower plasma cholesterol (P < 0.05), liver cholesterol (P < 0.05), and triacylglycerol contents in adipose tissue (P < 0.05) when compared to those in the common rice group. In conclusion, retrograded rice had higher resistant starch levels compared with those of common rice powder, and it lowered body weight gain and improved lipid profiles and gut function in rats.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.129-138
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• 2014

This research aimed to develope squash sikhye containing retrograded rice flour using response surface methodology. For this, nonlinear regression equation was calculated with the setting of independent variables as retrograded rice flour containing resistant starch and squash, and dependent variables as viscosity, sugar content, pH, color, and sensory attributes. Under the experimental condition, the quality characteristics of squash sikhye were found as 6.20~6.25 for pH, $14.00{\sim}17.33^{\circ}Brix$ for sweetness, 2.64~4.45 cP for viscosity, 57.51~60.18 for lightness, 4.94~7.52 for redness, and 50.98~60.29 for yellowness. It also was revealed overall acceptability in sensory evaluation rated as 9.67~10.83 out of 15 point. These results showed statistically significant differences in quality attributes with the increase of retrograded rice flour and squash(p<0.05). Thus, optimal mixing quantity of squash and retrograded rice flour for squash sikhye was identified as 114 g and 65 g, respectively. Comparison of sensory qualities of four samples, namely squash sikhye with and without retrograded rice, and two commercial products, showed that squash sikhye including retrograded rice flour had the best quality in terms of color, taste, mouth feeling, flavor and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Thus the squash sikhye with retrograded rice flour can be the potential products as a health benefit beverage for the old adult and the young generation.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.191-201
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• 2010

This study attempted to examine the application of retrograded starch (RS3) isolated from rice flour into Madeleine which is easy to make, supply enough energy and micro nutrients with adequate drinks, and prevent an adult disease. This could be a popular food to anyone regardless of age and gender who avoid rice and become high value-added, processed rice foods. For this, control Madeleine was made from wheat flour and an experimental one was made from 5 or 10% rice RS3 addition as well as wheat flour. Four different types of rice were produced from Premium Ho-Pyong Rice, that is, dry milled rice flour(RFD), soaked for 8 hours and milled, followed by air-dried rice flour(RFW), rice starch(RST), and retrograded rice starch or enzyme-resistant starch(RS3). The results found were as follows: Proximate compositions were decreased with soaking to make RFW, RST and RS3, compared to RFD. RS3 had the highest L, +a and ${\Delta}E$ with the lowest +b, changing it to a dark color, explaining the need for heat control during processing. At $80^{\circ}C$, the swelling power was shown in the order of RST>RFW>RFD>RS3 and the solubility of RS3 was the highest. There were significant differences in viscosities of peak, trough, cold, breakdown and total setback of all rice samples using RVA (p<0.001). Due to the pH of RS3, the Madeleine batter became acidic (p<.01) and expanded, resulting in more air cells and open texture. With an increasing RS3 level in Madeleine, several textural attributes among 'fresh' and 'stored at room temperature' Madeleine samples were significantly different by using Texture Analyzer. While the addition of RS3 in Madeleine did not significantly affect the sensory evaluation, indicating RS3 isolated from rice as a beneficial ingredient for processed rice products.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.219-224
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• 1998

Kochujang was prepared by using retrograded rice cakes (Song Pyun, Sym rice cake, Ssuk rice cake, Pat rice cake) as a source starch and the physiochemical and sensory characteristics were compared with traditional kochujang during aging for 60 days. Moisture content of all kochujang groups increased slowly but crude fat content decreased according to aging process. Changes of pH values of all kochujang reduced gradually during aging and the pH of saccharified kochujang was lowered than that of traditional one. Total reducing sugar contents in saccharified kochujang reached the maximum value at 50th day, and decreased thereafter. In contrast, the reducing sugar content in traditional kochujang was the highest at 30-day-aging. After 60 days of aging, the total contents of organic acids were 28.57 mg for P$\_$1/, 27.9 mg for P$\_$4/, 27.05 mg for P$\_$3/ 24.60 mg for P$\_$2/, and 22.30 mg for P$\_$0/. By sensory evaluation, saccharified kochujang prepared with Siru rice cake showed the highest sensory score in its appearance, flavor, texture, color, and taste.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2016

Purpose: To develop fat-free dressing containing a resistant starch (RS) as a dietary fiber, the viscosity and stability of various type RSes prepared from wheat, maize, potato, rice, waxy rice, and amaranth starches were investigated by using Brookfield viscometer. The shape of RS granule in the dressing during storage was also observed. Methods: The viscosity of fat free dressing with different retrograded RS3 (RS3V) prepared from waxy rice starch with 0.1% lemon vinegar and ascorbate mixed solution had higher RS3 that was maintained constant during storage. Annealing and heating prior to cross-linking, and heating after cross-linking increased RS level of RS4 type starches. Results: The viscosities and stabilities of dressings with RS were different depending on starch sources and RS preparation conditions. The heated RS4 (HRS4) increased in viscosity and stability with RS4 addition. Especially the fat-free dressings with HRS4 prepared from rice and waxy rice starches maintained stability regardless of separation after one month storage with only 7% separation after 6 month storages. The shape of RS4 granule in acidic medium of dressing did not change until 6 months. Conclusion: In this study, RS4 made by the rice and waxy rice starches showed high viscosity and maintained stability of the fat-free dressings during storage.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2016

The changes of resistant starch (RS) contents of cooked rice with soybean and coconut oils under different storage conditions were investigated and RS contents were compared between the rice and cooker types. The japonica (Hopyeong) and the indica (Thailand) type rice were cooked (washed rice: water = 100: 130) using an electric cooker and a saucepan. The coconut oil and soybean oil (3%, based on rice, w/w) were added into cooking water before heating. The RS contents of freeze-dried cooked rice powders (newly-cooked rice, stored for 12 h in the refrigerator, microwave heating after storage for 12 h in the refrigerator) were measured by the AOAC method. The RS contents of cooked rice using a saucepan were higher than those using an electric cooker. The indica type cooked rice had a higher RS content than the japonica type cooked rice, regardless of storage conditions. However, addition of oil before cooking rice resulted in increased RS content on storage in the refrigerator. The highest RS content of the cooked indica type rice with soybean oil ($5.89{\pm}0.22%$) that was stored for 12 h in the refrigerator was analyzed. The results suggested that the cooked rice formed retrograded (RS3) and amylose-lipid complex (RS5) type RS; furthermore, the RS content is affected by storage conditions, rice, cooker and oil types.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.157-163
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• 2002

식혜 식이섬유를 쌀전분에 첨가하여 호화 특성과 노화 특성을 알아보았다. 신속 점도계에 의한 호화 개시온도는 첨가수준이 증가할수록 유의성 있게 높아졌으나 최고점도, 최저점도, 최종점도, breakdown, consistency는 낮아졌고 setback은 높아졌으므로 식이섬유 첨가에 의하여 호화가 더 어려웠다. 시차주사 열량기에 의한 호화개시온도도 첨가수준이 증가할수록 유의성 있게 높아졌으나 엔탈피(ΔH)는 낮아졌다. 4$^{\circ}C$에서 1일, 3일, 7일간 저장하는 동안 호화액의 투명도 변화는 저장 1일까지는 감소정도가 크다가 그 이후에는 완만하게 감소했으며, 첨가수준이 증가할수록 투명도가 약간 높아졌다. 또한 쌀전분 겔과 식이섬유 첨가전분 겔의 시차주사열량기에 의한 노화 용융피크는 41~46$^{\circ}C$에서 나타났으며 노화 엔탈피는 1일, 3일, 7일간 저장함에 따라 쌀전분 겔은 증가하였고 식이섬유 첨가전분 겔은 거의 변화가 없었으므로 식혜 식이섬유첨가는 노화를 지연시켰는데, 노화지연효과는 백미식혜식이섬유보다 현미식혜식이섬유가 더 컸다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.459-463
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• 1994

Bacillus polymyxa No. 26이 생산하는 생전분 당화형 ${\beta}-amylase$를 쌀가루 반죽시 첨가하여 $45^{\circ}C$에 5시간 둔후 증자하여 제조한 절편을 $4^{\circ}C$ 저온실에 40시간 동안 저장하면서 기계적 검사와 관능검사에 의하여 물성과 맛을 측정 하고 효소 무 첨가의 경우와 비교하여 노화억제 효과를 조사하였다. 기계적 검사시 효소 무 첨가구의 경우는 40시간까지도 굳지 않아 노화되지 않았으며, 경도, 점착성, 씹힘성에서도 큰 차이를 보였다. 관능검사시에도 경도, 촉촉함성, 단맛에 있어서 효소 첨가효과가 크게 나타났으며 떡의 제조시 효소의 이용으로 설탕첨가를 생략할 수 있고 소화성과 맛을 좋게하므로서 품질을 향상시킬 수 있었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.794-800
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• 1988

재래 찰벼 신선찰벼와 다수계 찰벼. 통일찰벼 및 찰보리(수원 227호), 찰수수, 차조, 율무등의 전분을 분리하여 노화 특성에 관하여 글루코아밀라아제에 의한 노화도 측정법, X-선 회절법, ${\beta}-amylolysis$등으로 비교 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫번째, 6종의 찰 전분을 $0{\sim}5^{\circ}C$에서 20일, 30일 저장했을 때와 냉동, 해동 반복을 20회, 30회 했을 때 노화 속도가 대단히 느리다. 두번째, 노화가 잘되는 순서는 찰수수 > 찰보리 > 차조 > 율무 > 통일찰벼 > 신선찰벼의 순이었으며 찰수수와 찰보리는 다른 전분에 비하여 노화가 잘 되었다. 세번째, 노화를 촉진하는 인자로서 냉동, 해동 30회 반복은 $0{\sim}5^{\circ}C$ 냉장 30일과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 마지막으로, 우리나라에서 단 하나의 장려 품종인 찰보리(수원 227호)는 보리 한알속에 메 전분 입자가 약15% 혼입되어 있으며 앞으로 찰보리 육종에 참고로 하였으면 한다.