• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.464-473
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 우리나라 건강한 중년성인의 혈청 carotenoids류 (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene)와 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-tocopherol, retinol의 수준을 파악하고 혈중 지질상태 및 신체계측치와의 상관성을 평가해보고자 하였으며 조사 대상자는 40대 이후 건강한 성인 373명 (남자 231명, 여자 142명)이었다. 우리나라 건강한 중년기 성인의 혈청 중에 존재하는 주요 carotenoids는 ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, ${\beta}$-carotene, lutein이었고 lycopene, ${\alpha}$-carotene은 더 낮은 농도로 존재하였다. 성별에 따른 비교에서는 ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lycopene 등의 carotenoids 물질들의 농도는 여자가 남자에 비해 유의하게 높았고, retinol은 남자가 여자에 비해 유의하게 높았으며 lutein과 tocopherol은 성별에 따른 유의차를 보이지 않았다. 혈중 항산화 물질의 농도는 연령이 높아짐에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 retinol과 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 영양상태는 남자가 여자에 비해 우수하였다. 혈청 항산화 물질들의 농도와 혈청 및 소변 중의 지질과산화물 농도 사이에는 뚜렷한 상관성을 발견할 수가 없었다. 혈청 carotenoids들은 상호간에 또 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol 사이에 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 반면 lutein을 제외하고는 retinol과는 음의 상관성을 나타내었다. 혈 중 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol과 retinol 사이에는 유의적인 양의 상관성을 보였다. 혈 중 지질과의 상관성 분석에서 측정된 모든 항산화 물질들은 총콜레스테롤과 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 반면 중성지질은 carotenoids 물질과는 음의 상관성을 보였고 tocopherol, retinol과는 양의 상관성을 보였다. 혈청 항산화 물질들의 농도와 신체계측치 사이에는 성별에 관계없이 전반적으로 혈청 carotenoids류는 신체계측치들 및 혈압과 음의 상관성을 보였으며, tocopherol들과 retinol 수준은 양의 상관성을 보였다. 이 중 특히 유의적인 상관성을 보인 것은 남성에서 ${\beta}$-carotene과 lutein의 혈압과의 음의 상관성, 여성에서의 ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin과 체지방 관련 지표들 (BMI, WHR, 체지방율)과의 음의 관련성이었다. 본 연구 결과 중년 성인의 혈중 항산화 물질들의 농도는 종류에 따라 성별, 연령별로 유의적인 차이를 나타내었으며, 혈중 지질 수준 및 신체 계측치와도 유의적인 관련성을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 이러한 상관성의 원인과 의미에 대해서는 향 후 식생활 및 생활습관 등과 관련된 연구를 통해 밝혀져야 할 것이다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.72-77
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• 2004

당뇨병 상태에서 항산화영양소인 carotenoids의 공급이 체내 항산화비타민의 함량에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 조사하고자 Sprague-Dawley종 흰쥐를 이용하여 당뇨를 유도하고 비타민 A와 E의 함량 변화를 측정하였다. 당뇨를 유도하기 전에는 체중증가량에 있어서 별다른 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 당뇨가 유도된 후에는 체중증가량이 감소되었으나 $\beta$-carotene의 섭취에 의한 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 식이섭취량은 당뇨쥐에서 대조군에 비해 별다른 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 식이효율은 대조군에 비해 당뇨군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. 당뇨 유도로 흰쥐의 혈당치는 대조군에 비하여 2배 이상 증가하였으나 당뇨군 사이에서 $\beta$-carotene의 급여에 의한 혈당강하 효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 혈장의 retinol 함량은 당뇨군에서 유의적으로 감소하였으나 $\beta$-carotene의 급여에 의한 영향은 관찰되지 않았다. 당뇨군에서 retinol함량이 유의적으로 감소되었고 혈장의 $\alpha$-to-copherol의 함량은 혈장 지질 함량을 이용하여 보정하였을 때 당뇨군에서 현저한 감소를 보였으나 $\beta$-carotene의 급여에 의한 영향은 나타나지 않았다. 간조직 중의 retinol과 retinyl palmitate 함량은 당뇨 유발군에서 유의적인 감소를 보였으며, $\beta$-carotene 급여에 의해 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 그러나 $\alpha$-tocopherol 함량은 당뇨 유도와 $\beta$-carotene급여에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 통해 볼 때 당뇨병 환자의 혈관계 합병증을 예방하기 위해 한국인의 식생활에서 $\beta$-carotene 섭취를 효과적으로 할 수 있는 실제적인 식사관리 방안을 강구한다면 당뇨병환자의 혈관계 합병증을 완화시킬 수 있으리라고 여겨진다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 1998

Five hundred and seventy-eight healthy subjects (351 men and 227 women) with a mean age of 44.8 years (45.2 for men, 44.3 for women) participated in this study. The serum concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, zeaxanthin + lutein, cryptoxanthin, lycopene and retinol of normal Koreans were measured, and their relation to gender, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and menopausal status were evaluated. The concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, carotenoids and retinol in serum were measured simultaneously by reverse phase HPLC (multi-wavelength, gradient and computerized automatic system). Average serum levels of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene and retinol were 10.1$\pm$0.41\mu$g/dl, 33.1$\pm$1.24\mu$g/dl, and 82.0$\pm$1.63\mu$g/dl for men and 11.1$\pm$0.74\mu$g/ml, 48.1$\pm$1.60\mu$g/dl and 64.5$\pm$1.96\mu$g/dl for women, respectively, Serum concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopheol \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, cryptoxanthin and lycopene appeared to be higher in women than in men. The serum concentrations of zeaxanthin + lutein increased with the increase in age of men and those of $\alpha$-carotene and \beta$-carotene increased with the increase in age of women. For men, current smokers showed significantly lower serum concentrations of \beta$-carotene and $\alpha$-carotene than ex-smokers (p <0.05) . Current drinkers also showed significantly lower serum \beta$-carotene and zeaxanthin + lutein concentrations than ex-drinkers. For women, current smokers showed significantly love. serum concentrations of zeaxanthin+lutein and cryptoxanthin than ex-smokes (p<0.05). Men with BMI$\geq$24 showed significantly lower serum concentrations of \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, lycopene and cryptoxanthin than men with BMI < 20. The mean concentrations of $\alpha$-tocopherol, \beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene and lycopene far postmenopausal women were higher than those for premenopausal women (p<0.05). In conclusion, there were obvious differences in serum $\alpha$-tocopherol and carotenoids levels depending on gender, age, cigarette-smoking habits, alcohol consumption, BMI and menopausal status. further studies are required to establish the normal levels of these vitamins for children and the elderly and to elucidate their roles in different disease states.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.2981-2986
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• 2015

Background: Despite many epidemiological studies on the effects of dietary antioxidant micronutrients on risk of cervical cancer, the findings remain uncertain and little evidence is available for serum nutrient markers. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between serum carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol concentrations and risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women. Materials and Methods: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in which 358 adults (158 incident cases and 200 controls) were recruited from Xinjiang, China. Serum levels of carotenoids (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin), retinol, and tocopherols (${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol) were assessed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: We found inverse associations between serum carotenoid (${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, and lutein/zeaxanthin) and tocopherol (${\alpha}$-tocopherol) concentrations and the risk of cervical cancer after adjusting for potential confounders, but a null association for retinol. The ORs for 1-SD increase were 0.71 (95 % CI: 0.56-0.92; p=0.003) for total carotenoids and 0.75 (95 % CI: 0.60-0.94; p=0.008) for total tocopherols. Conclusions: These results show that higher serum concentrations of some carotenoids and tocopherols are associated with a lower risk of cervical cancer among Chinese women.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.81-86
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• 2002

에탄올 투여에 의한 산화적 손상에 대하여 비타민 A의 보충급여 영향을 조사하고자 흰쥐에게 AIN-76 요구량에 2배 수준으로 retinyl acetate와 $\beta$-carotene을 보충한 식이를 5주간 급여한 후 20% 에탄올 용액(3g/kg B.W)을 급성으로 복강내에 투여하였다. 그런 다음 간조직에서 생성되는 지질과산 화물 함량, 간조직에서의 관련 효소활성도와 항산화비타민의 함량을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 간조직에서의 지질과 산화물 함량은 대조군에 비하여 $\beta$-carotene 공급군에서 유의적인 감소를 나타내었다. 그러나 retinyl acetate 공급군과 $\beta$-carotene 공급군 사이에서의 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. SOD 활성은 대조군에 비해 retinyl acetate 공급군이 높았고, catalase 활성과 GSH-Px 활성은 실험군 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. GST 활성은 에탄올만을 투영한 대조군에 비해 retinyl acetate와 $\beta$-carotene을 공급한 군에서 유의적으로 감소되었다. 간조직 내 retinol 함량은 대조군에 비해 retinyl acetate 공급군에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났으며, 이는 에탄올 급여로 인한 간조직 비타민 A의 소모를 retinyl acetate의 급여로 인해 완화시킨 것으로 여겨진다. 그러나 혈청에서는 실험군 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 간조직내 $\alpha$-tocopherol의 함량은 retinyl acetate와 $\beta$-carotene 공급군에서 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 금성적인 에탄올의 투여에 대해 retinyl acetate나 $\beta$-carotene을 보충 급여한 경우 항산화효소계 중 superoxide dismutase의 활성이 유도되는 경향을 보였으며, 대표적인 항산화비타민으로 알려진 $\alpha$-tocopherol의 간조직 내 수준이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권12호
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• pp.1949-1957
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 6개의 지역(강원도, 경기도, 경상도, 서울, 전라도, 충청도)에서 채취한 가공 및 외식식품 38종에 함유되어 있는 ${\beta}$-carotene 및 retinol의 함량을 조사하였다. 이들 지용성 비타민들은 알칼리를 이용한 직접 검화법과 용매추출법을 병행하여 수행하였다. 면류 식품 14종 중에서 ${\beta}$-carotene 함량은 비빔국수와 쫄면에서 각각 평균 442.43 ${\mu}g/100g$과 301.39 ${\mu}g/100g$이 검출되며 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 비타민 A(${\mu}gRE$) 함량은 비빔국수와 회냉면, 쫄면, 비빔냉면이 각각 77.5 RE와 61.3 RE, 56.4 RE, 53.2 RE이었다. 만두류 식품 4종에서는 김치만두에서 ${\beta}$-carotene 197.64 ${\mu}g/100g$으로 가장 높게 검출되었으며, 비타민 A(${\mu}gRE$) 함량은 33.3 RE이었다. 떡류 제품 12종에서는 매운 떡볶이와 모듬찰떡에서 ${\beta}$-carotene 함량이 각각 평균 205.11 ${\mu}g/100g$과 41.33 ${\mu}g/100g$으로 검출되었으며, retinol은 매운 떡볶이(1.65~10.45 ${\mu}g/100g$)에서만 검출되었다. 매운 떡볶이와 모듬찰떡의 경우, 비타민 A(${\mu}gRE$)의 함량은 각각 39.67 RE와 6.89 RE로 환산하였다. 이는 하루 필요한 비타민 A(700 ${\mu}gRE$)의 1~6%에 해당하는 함량이다. 제빵류 8종에서는 ${\beta}$-carotene 함량이 야채고로케(110.43~192.29 ${\mu}g/100g$), 햄&치즈샌드위치(33.07~116.57 ${\mu}g/100g$), 페이스트리빵(33.69~104.87 ${\mu}g/100g$), 마늘빵(빵집, 33.88~81.21 ${\mu}g/100g$), 버터크림빵(빵집, 31.61~85.84 ${\mu}g/100g$)에서 높게 검출되었다. 비타민 A(${\mu}gRE$)의 함량은 제빵류 중에서 페이스트리빵과 버터크림빵(빵집), 모닝빵들이 각각 77.3 RE와 51.2 RE, 41.4 RE를 나타내며 가장 높은 함량을 보였다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2012

Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of retinol and carotenoids were estimated in assessing the vitamin A status of Korean adults living in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Three consecutive 24-h food recalls were collected from 106 healthy subjects (33 males and 73 females) aged 20-59 years. Fasting blood samples of the subjects were obtained and plasma retinol and carotenoids were analyzed. The daily vitamin A intakes ($mean{\pm}SD$) were $887.77{\pm}401.35{\mu}g $ retinol equivalents or $531.84{\pm}226.42{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalents. There were no significant differences in vitamin A intakes among age groups. The retinol intake of subjects was $175.92{\pm}129.87{\mu}g/day$. The retinol intake of the subjects in their 50's was significantly lower than those in their 20's and 30's (P<0.05). Provitamin A carotenoid intakes were $3,828.37{\pm}2,196.29{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-carotene, $472.57{\pm}316.68{\mu}g/day$ ${\alpha}$-carotene, and $412.83{\pm}306.46{\mu}g/day$ ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin. Approximately 17% of the subjects consumed vitamin A less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirements for vitamin A. The plasma retinol concentration was $1.22{\pm}0.34{\mu}mol/L$. There was no significant difference in plasma retinol concentrations among age groups. However, the concentrations of ${\beta}$-carotene, lycopene, and lutein of subjects in their 50's were significantly higher than those of in their 20's. Only one subject had a plasma retinol concentration < $0.70{\mu}mol/L$ indicating marginal vitamin A status. Plasma retinol concentration in 30% of the subjects was 0.70- < $1.05{\mu}mol/L$, which is interpreted as the concentration possibly responsive to greater intake of vitamin A. In conclusion, dietary intakes and status of vitamin A were generally adequate in Korean adults examined in this study.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.460-467
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to diagnose nutritional status of vitamin A in female university students. Total of 59 female students in Korea National University of Education, Home Economics Education department were recruited for this study. Retinol and :t major carotenoids in serum($\beta$-carotene, u-carotene, lycopene and lutein) were analyzed by HPLC. The isocratic separation was performed in a $\mu$ Bondapak$^{TM}$ $C_{18}$ stainless steel column with a solvent system of acetonitrile : methanol=85:15. The results of analysis were as follows: The average retinol concentration of 59 female students was 25.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$. According to biochemical criteria for the assessment of vitamin A status, 18 of them belong to well-nourished and 6 students belong to adequate status. On the other hand, 8 students, 3 freshmen and 5 sophomore, were in critical vitamin A status. Retinol concentrations of junior and senior students were higher than those of freshmen and sophomore (P＜0.001). The average concentrations of serum $\beta$-carotene, lycopene, and lutein were 1.9, 5.4, and 41.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$, respectively. Serum $\beta$-carotene concentration of senior was significant. higher than those of freshman, sophomore and junior(p＜0.001). Lycopene concentration of freshman was significant. lower than those of the other grades and that of senior was sig, higher than those of the other grades(p＜0.05). Lutein concentrations of junior and senior were significant. higher than those of freshman and sophomore(p＜0.001). The serum $\alpha$-carotene concentrations of the students were too low to analyze.e.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.952-959
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• 1997

Korean intakes of Vitamin A have not reached RDA for a long time according to the National Nutrition Survey. The pupose of this study was to examine the serum response to short-term carotenoids-rich vegetable juices supplementation. A total of 31 female students were recruited for this study. Their average serum retinol content before supplementation began was 14.74$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml, and 87% of them had lower than adequate levels. Serum $\beta$-carotene, $\alpha$-carotene, lycopene and lutein contents were 0.77, -, 0.74 and 8.29$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$ respectively. The serum responses to 3 kinds of juice supplementation for 3 weeks are summarized as follows. A small but steady increase in serum retinol concentration was detected with the supplementation (p<.05), but the kinds of juice made no significant difference. Serum $\beta$-carotene contents also increased with the supplementation(p<.01), but the kinds of juice again made no significant difference. Serum lycopene increased with the lycopene-containing vegetable juice and tomato juice supplementation, but the increase wasn't significant. There was no change in serum lycopene levels with the lycopene free carrot juice supplementation. Finally, there were no signifnicant changes in serum lutein and $\alpha$-carotene levels with the 3 kinds of juice supplementation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.301-311
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• 1985

Even though the anticarcinogenic effect of dietary factors especially beta - carotene has been reported by various investigators, the mechanism of the action of ${\beta}-carotene$ has not yet been identified. We carried out the present study to determine the possibilities of relative cancer risk related to dietary intake of vitamin A ( both ${\beta}-carotene$ and retinol ) and blood levels of vitamin A among Koreans. The subjects were divided into two groups; cancer patients and controls. Blood levels for ${\beta}-carotene$ and retinol were analyzed by alumina column chromatography and colorimetry. Dietary intake was examined by food profile and convenient method for evaluating nutritional status through recalling 10 years of food habits. The results obtained are as follows : 1 ) Calorie, protein, fat, and carbohydrate intakes of cancer patient were lower than those of control. Calorie and carbohydrate intakes showed no significant difference but protein and fat intakes were significantly lower in cancer patients. According to cancer sites, in stomach cancer only fat intake was significantly lower than that of control. In lung and larynx cancer calorie, protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes showed similar trend as in control. 2 ) Vitamin A intake of cancer patient was significantly lower than that of control. It was estimated that 83.6% of total Vitamin A intake were provided by ${\beta}-carotene$ for control and cancer patient respectively. 3 ) The mean intake of dietary ${\beta}-carotene$ in cancer patient was significantly lower than that in control ( $7002\;\mu}g/day$ versus $10326\;{\mu}g/day$ ) According to cancer sites in mean intake of dietary ${\beta}-carotene$ was significantly lower in all but stomach cancer compared with that of control. Lung and larynx cancer showed lowest ${\beta}-carotene$ intake with mean value of $5855{\mu}g/day$ and $5492{\mu}g/day$ respectively. 4 ) The mean intake of dietary retinol in cancer patient was significantly lower than that in control ( $245{\mu}g/day$ versus $338{\mu}g/day$ ), but the difference was not significant. 5 ) The relative risk of all cancers in the first (lowest) to the forth quartile level of ${\beta}-carotene$ consumption such as $0-5999{\mu}g/day$. $6000-8999{\mu}g/day$, $9000-11999{\mu}g/day$/ day and $12000-20000{\mu}g/day$ was 85 : 1.7 : 20 : 1.0. The relative risk of all cancers in the first (lowest) to the forth quartile level of retinol consumption, such as $0-299{\mu}g/day$, $300-599{\mu}g/day$, 600-899${\mu}g/day$, and $900-1200{\mu}g/day$, was 1.14 : 067 : 0.21 : 1.0. 6 ) The various food group consumption of cancer patient were significantly lower than those of control in green leafy vegetables, fruits, sea weeds, milk and cheese and eggs. But the Kimchie consumption in cancer patient was three fold higher than that of control ( $1840\;{\mu}g/day$ versus $562\;{\mu}g/day$ ) and in the stomach cancer, Kimchie consumption was the highest, ( $1890\;{\mu}g/day$) According to cancer sites, the consumption of green leafy vegetables was significantly lower in all but stomach cancer compared to control and other vegetables showed no difference between two. In lung and larynx cancer, green leafy vegetables consumption was lowest ( $6094{\mu}g/day$ $5921{\mu}g/day$) and milk and cheese consumption was also( $5\;{\mu}g/day$ and $11{\mu}g/day$) 7 ) The recovery of ${\beta}-carotene$ from human serum by alumina column chromatography was $94.4{\pm}2.3%$. 8 ) Cancer patients showed significantly lower serum retinol ($56.4{\pm}18.1\:{\mu}g/100ml$ versus $72.2{\pm}21.8\:{\mu}g/100ml$) and ${\beta}-carotene$ ($48.9{\pm}33.8\:{\mu}g/100ml$ versus $72.2{\pm}42.6\:{\mu}g/100ml$) concentrations than in controls. 9 ) But breast cancer patients were not significantly different from controls in their serum retinol and ${\beta}-carotene$ concentrations.