• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.153-159
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• 2019

Marine accidents and legal violations result from mistakes and negligences of ship officers, deck officers and engine officers, during the ship navigation and lay days. Due to these accidents and violations, these officers are subjected to disciplinary actions for certification. The disciplinary action, namely certificate punishment is carried out by right rules, processes and equity. However, it is revealed that present situations are different from the principles. For the purpose of finding current states relating to certificate punishment, this study examines and analyses 737 punishment cases, accomplished in 'B' regional office of oceans & fisheries for 5 years from 2014 to 2018. The contents to be analyzed are reprimand agencies, certificate kinds, officers ranks at that time, disciplinary level, violated acts, annual reprimand state, punishment rule and it process, and disciplinary reduction levels. From such valuations various problems, such as disciplinary level deviations among laws, insufficient punishments rules, disciplinary certificate deviation, insufficient reprimand reduction rules, and lack function of crew administrative disciplinary council, are identified. Finally, methods to alleviate the problems identified will be proposed. This study, for the first time analyses the actual administrative disciplinary cases for ship officers'certificates and proposes improvement plans for its incorporation in Korea, This analysis will be useful in the examination of the study for the ship officers and making a plan for them.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.10-23
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• 2019

Although social big data can provide a multi-faceted perspective on school bullying experiences among children and adolescents, the complexity and variety of unstructured text presents a challenge for systematic collection and analysis of the data. Development of an ontology, which identifies key terms and their intricate relationships, is crucial for extracting key concepts and effectively collecting data. The current study elaborated on the definition of an ontology, carefully described the 7 stage development process, and applied the ontology for collecting and analyzing school bullying social big data. As a result, approximately 2,400 key terms were extracted in top-, middle-, and lower-level categories, concerning domains of participants, causes, types, location, region, and intervention. The study contributes to the literature by explaining the ontology development process and proposing a novel alternative research model that uses social big data in school bullying research. Findings from this ontology study may provide a basis for social big data research. Practical implications of this study lie in not only helping to understand the experience of school bullying participants, but also in offering a macro perspective on school bullying as a social phenomenon.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.481-487
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• 2019

Additive manufacturing is a state-of-the-art manufacturing process technology in which three-dimensional structures are fabricated by laminating two-dimensional sections of a structure using various materials such as plastic, ceramics, and metals. The additive manufacturing technology has the advantage of high design freedom, while the surface property (roughness) of the finished product varies depending on the process conditions, which necessitates performing a post-process after the products are manufactured. In this study, the surface roughness of a structure made of polyamide 12, which was manufactured by SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) and MJF (Multi Jet Fusion) process was compared. The processing condition was classified by the building orientation of structure as 0, 45, and 90 degrees, which is the angle between the analytical surface and the horizontal plane of the fabrication platform. Structures with a hole of various diameters ranging from 1mm to 10mm were manufactured and the hole characteristics (ratio of hole depth to diameter) and results of the specimens were compared. As a result of the surface characteristics analysis, the surface roughness value of the specimens manufactured with a building orientation of $45^{\circ}$ was the highest in both technologies. In the case of the through-hole structure fabrication, the shape was maintained with 5mm and 10mm diameter holes regardless of the building orientation, although the hole forming was difficult for the smaller holes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.299-305
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• 2019

As the damage factors of the three­storey stone pagoda of the Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju could cause a reduction in the historical and artistic value and accelerate the deterioration of the stone, an appropriate solution is needed. The aim of stone conservation is to conserve the original shape and convey originality from the ancestors to their descendants. This procedure includes a record of the condition, being available in the future. In particular, the damage assessment could be used in conservational research, educational data, conservational treatment, and preventive data. As a result of quantitative damage assessment, biological damage indicated 159 %, chemical damage 114 %, and physical damage 16 %. The west direction revealed 95 % because of the amount of sunshine, moisture, and expansion of rock. Complex factors and high range damage were observed on the foundation and body of the pagoda. Since the top of pagoda was restored in the 1970s, the state presented a good condition. By doing this, the number of organisms could be reduced by cleaning and the physical damage could be minimized by bonding. On the other hand, continuous monitoring will be needed because there is a possibility of reforming the damage in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2019

Hypertension (HTN) is one of the major chronic diseases, and HTN is defined as being in a state of continuous high blood pressure. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a condition in which the mass of the left ventricle has increased, and HTN is a leading cause of LVH. HTN and LVH are known to be caused by the interaction of environmental factors and genetic factors. It has been reported that the polymorphisms of SLC8A1, among the genetic factors that affect high blood pressure, are related to salt sensitivity hypertension. In this study, the genetic polymorphisms of SLC8A1 were chosen based on the Korean Genome and Epidemiology data. Logistic regression analysis was then performed for HTN and LVH. Linear regression analysis was also performed for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). As a result, 5 SNPs showed statistically significant associations (P<0.05) with HTN, and 10 SNPs showed statistically significant associations with LVH. rs1002671 and rs9789739 showed significant correlation at the same time with HTN and LVH. These results suggest that the polymorphisms of the SLC8A1 gene are linked to the development of HTN and LVH in Koreans. We expect these results to help us understand the pathogenic mechanisms for HTN and LVH.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.208-223
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• 2014

Since the recent restoration of the Sungnyemun gate (South gate of Seoul) which was burnt down in 2008, there were dispute about the application of traditional technique for the conservation of cultural heritage. In this research, the definition of traditional technique for cultural heritage conservation is thought and mentioned. In general, the understanding of traditional technique is based on the idea of 'tradition'. Tradition is not defined as a 'eternal doctrine existence', but a 'development of succession' and a 'living existence'. Thus 'traditional performance and craft as intangible cultural heritage' is defined as 'intangible' which also makes it difficult to define the 'original form/state' from 'the conservation of the original form' which is a major principle of cultural heritage. In case of Korea, if the 'traditional technique as intangible cultural heritage' is put into application to cultural heritage conservation, the unclear definition will cause many problems in the restoration/conservation site. This is because the site will apply this technique without any discussion of the range and limitation of 'traditional technique'. This means there will be the lack of discussion for the conservation of the cultural heritage which will not have a strict criteria for the allowable range of usage for the 'traditional material' using the vaguely defined 'traditional technique'. In this study, these application issues of the traditional technique were also considerecl, comparing the development of international wnservation principles. As a result, the conservation of 'traditional technique as intangible cultural heritage' is important, but the 'technique left inside the tangible cultural heritage' which is the 'material which is carrying the technique when it was firstly built' has more importance to preserve and need to be in the major considerations.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.22-34
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was two-fold. Firstly, it investigated the current state of the 34 specific policies of school safety-accident prevention that were implemented at K-12 public schools in accordance with the $1^{st}$ School Safety-Accident Prevention Plan established in December 2015. Secondly, it prioritized the policies based on the outcomes from the investigation to make policy recommendations for future improvement. For this purpose, we surveyed 614 school teachers and staff from 24 school-safety research schools across the nation on their perception of the current policies for preventing school safety accidents. Specifically, they were asked about the degree of realization and the necessity of expansion of the policies. Based on the survey results, the Borich index as a needs measure was computed for each policy and a list of policies prioritized in descending order of the index was presented. The results of the study showed that school teachers and staff's perception of the improvement of school safety since the policies took effect was highly positive in general. It was also shown that the policies perceived as best-implemented were, in descending order, "first-aid education for teachers and staff", "safety management of school meals", "prevention activity of student traffic safety-accident", and so on. The majority of survey respondents said that the policies were being implemented well and that they should be expanded and enhanced. As a result of the Borich's needs analysis, it was found that "more collegial collaboration between the Office of Education and other relevant organizations in the community for school safety", "prevention education activity for water safety", and so forth should be more actively implemented.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.172-187
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the 'tradition' has been identified and used concretely on the protection system of cultural property. Firstly, this paper investigated the historical process and aspects that the 'cultural property' and the 'tradition' combined, each had different meaning at the beginning. And it investigated the linkage of them which effect to the protection system and to each other on the system operated. Then, it pointed out a rift within the discourse of tradition to which the system have held on, and the problems as its result. This paper applied the viewpoint of anti-essentialism that the tradition is presented with hegemonic act to raise the inevitable continuity with the past, instead of the common notion that the tradition is 'everything that is handed down from the past.' Because the cultural property is the product of the state system, to pursne the linkage of it and the tradition is identical to examine how the tradition have been officially defined in the national hegemony. Since the 1920s the tradition has defined as a fixed, essential, pure reality in the changing process of the protection system of cultural property. This essentialist viewpoint about the tradition have been continued as the institutional premise regardless of many critics, raised by studies focusing on the culture and cultural property. But we see now a rift on the discourse of tradition as the intellectual discourse has been supported to the system, that is caused by the fast-changing global economic environment and a rat race around the registration of intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.196-217
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• 2016

This study was conducted to identify the state of conservation of the national paper heritages and to seek ways of conservation management, focusing on regular monitoring directly performed by the government on the national movable cultural heritages. Subjects for the investigation were limited to investigations conducted by both the Cultural Heritage Conservation Center and the Artistic Heritage Division in 2014 and 2015. Paper heritages are easily affected by temperature, humidity, lighting, etc. due to the nature of the material and can easily be damaged by physical strength; therefore stable conservation environment is essential and regular investigation on movable cultural heritages conducted according to the Cultural Heritage Protection Act is necessary to protect from contamination, being torn, bending, friction, or loss. Losing a chance for timely proper treatment will bring irrevocable result therefore strict management is necessary; continuous monitoring is also needed after treatment. Analysis on the pigments, materials and structures, detailed investigation, data establishment for conservation of cultural heritages and regular investigation should be done. Detailed data on the national cultural heritages will be a base of more reasonable conservation management system for the national paper heritages and will realize continuous improvement on regular investigation practice.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.196-207
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of C. japonica, D. morbifera, D. macropodum, I. anisatum, Q. glauca and R. indica To investigate the photosynthetic ability, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence analysis, and physiological environmental. The photosynthetic rate, cancer respiration rate, stomatal conductance, and rate of evaporation tended to decrease as a result of drying stress in the no-water condition for 28 days. I. anisatum, Q. glauca and R. indica showed a low rate of less than 40% until 28 days of no-treatment. The total chlorophyll contents were decreased in the order of D. macropodum> D. morbifera> C. japonica> Q. glauca> M. thunbergii> R. indica> I. anisatum. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis showed that there was no change in the qP, but after 28 days no $Fv/F_m$, $F_o$, $R_{fd}$, $NPQ_{_-LSS}$ can be a useful indicator for quantitative estimation within a short period of time with a marked reduction rate of PSII quantum yield ${\Phi}PSII$ in the rectified state by continuous light during the nominal adaptation period. In the case of I. anisatum, Q. glauca and R. indica If water management can be carried out at intervals, it may be possible to plant trees in trees and landscape trees.