• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2019

Objectives: As a general emotion, everyone can temporarily experience depression, but depressive disorder is a disease that excessively affects daily life. Among the various causes of depression, the deficiency of monoamine-based neurotransmitters such as serotonin and epinephrine are considered significant. Thus, antidepressants that target monoamines are used frequently. However, side effects such as nausea, vomiting, insomnia, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction are observed. Thus, it is necessary to develop a new therapeutic agent with fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant effect of JG02, used to treat depression by normalizing the flow of qi (氣) in Korean medicine. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were selected and randomly divided into six groups: normal, control, amitriptyline, and JG02 (50, 125, 250 mg/kg), respectively. Except for normal, depression was induced by applying restraint stress at the same time for six hours daily for 14 consecutive days. Saline, amitriptyline or JG02 samples were orally administered two hours before applying the stress. After that, a forced swimming test and an open field test were performed. Additionally, serum corticosterone, serotonin mRNA, BDNF mRNA, and protein in the hippocampal region were measured and compared. Results: JG02 decreased immobility time rate in the FST and increased the zone transition number and travel distance in the OFT. Also, JG02 inhibited the release of serum corticosterone, and increased serotonin, BDNF gene expression, and BDNF protein in the hippocampus. Conclusions: In this study, JG02 showed significant antidepressant effects on the chronic restraint stress mice model. When further research is performed based on JG02, the development of a new antidepressant is considered highly possible.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 1987

The role of central adrenergic activity in the genesis of stress ulcers was investigated by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of catecholamines and clonidine in pylorus-ligated rats restrained for 4 hours at a temperature of $4^{\circ}C$. 1. The stress-induced ulceration was markedly decreased by the i.c.v. administration of norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine or low dose of clonidine. 2. After an i.c.v. administration of norepinephrine or epinephrine, the volume of gastric juice, and both acid and pepsin secretion were markedly decreased. 3. Dopamine or a low dose of clonidne decreased the volume of gastric juice and acid secretion but did not affect pepsin secretion. 4. Isoproterenol caused a decrease in the volume of gastric juice and acid secretion, however, the ulcerogenesis was similar to that of the control. 5. Gastric function as well as ulcerogenesis was little affected by a high dose of clonidine. From the above results, it is suggested that central adrenergic activation inhibits cold-restraint induced ulcerogenesis via adrenergic alpha and dopaminergic receptors, and that this effect may be mediated by a decrease in gastric acid secretion. It is also suggested that other factors may be involved in this antiulcerogenic effect.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.242-249
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• 2004

The main aim of this study was to investigate stress related activities of Sun-ginseng extract as a candidate for anti-stress-related functional supplement by comparing its effect to those of red ginseng, which is also known to alleviate stress. Normal group was not exposed to stress while the control group was exposed to stress. Rats were orally administered once a day with 200 mg red ginseng (RG) extract, 100 or 200 mg Sun-ginseng (SG) extract/kg body weight. Mice were given water containing 400 mg red ginseng extract, 200 or 400 mg SG/100 mL potable water. Rats were given supplements for 5 days without stress, and 5 days with restraint and electroshock stress. After final stress, stress-related behavioral changes of experimental animals were recorded and levels of blood corticosterone were measured. Mice were given supplements for 5 days through drinking water, and then fatigue related motor activity were recorded. SG-supplementation partially blocked stress effect on locomotion and elevated plus maze test in rats, and also partially blocked stress-induced behavioral changes such as freezing, burrowing, smelling, facewashing, grooming and rearing behavior in rats. SG-supplementation decreased blood corticosterone level which is increased by stress in rats. Effects of SG may not be modulated by GABAnergic nervous system. SG-supplementation prolonged swimming time and staying time on the wire and rotarod wheel in mice. These results suggest that SG partially protects living organisms from stress attack in some cases and thus has the potential to be used as a functional food to alleviate stress response.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.291-298
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• 2005

Gardenia Jasminoides(GJ) is traditionally used for treatment of hepatic disease, insomnia, anxiety, and inflammatory disease. The aim of this study is to examine effects of GJ extract in response to stress. Animals of the normal group were not exposed to any stress and the control group were exposed to stress. The rats of the Ginseng and GJ supplementary group were orally administered once a day with 100mg of red ginseng extract, 100mg of GJ extract/kg body weight. The mice were given water containing 200mg of red ginseng extract, 200mg of GJ extract/100ml potable water. Animals were given supplements for 7 days without stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with restraint and electroshock stress. After loading final stress, we examined stress related behavioral changes of experimental animals and measured the levels of blood corticosterone. GJ-supplementation partially blocked the stress effect on locomotion and elevated plus maze test in rats, and also partially blocked stress-induced behavioral changes such as freezing, burrowing, face-washing, smelling and rearing behavior in rats. The effect was almost equipotent to Ginseng's effect. GJ-supplementation didn't influence on fatigue related behavior or physical stress resistance. GJ-supplementation decreased the levels of blood corticosterone which is increased by stress in rats. These results suggest that GJ protects partially the living organism from stress attack and it has the potential to be used as a functional material to alleviate stress response.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2005

The main aim of this study was to investigate stress related activities of ginsenosides and their action mechanism. Control group and ginsenoside supplemented groups were exposed to stress while no-stress group was not done. Animals of each group (n=$8\~10$) were orally administerd 100 mg red ginseng extract (R-G), or 10 mg ginsenosides/kg body weight once a day. Animals were given materials for 5 days without stress, and then were given supplements for 5 days with restraint and electroshock stress. Mice were given materials for 5 days for experiments on anti-fatigue effect. After loading final stress, stress-related behavioral changes of experimental animals were examined and plasma corticosterone levels were measured. R-G and ginsenoside $Rb_{1}$ supplementation partially blocked the stress effects on locomotion and elevated plus-maze test in rats and mice. They also partially blocked stress induced behavioral changes such as freezing, smelling, face-washing, rearing behavior in rats. R-G and $Rb_{1}$ decrease adrenal gland size and plasma corticosterone level, which were increased by stress in rats. R-G increased enduring time on the Rota rod, cold water and horizontal wire, but $Rb_{1}$ didn't. Effects of $Rb_{1}$ on plusmaze test were inhibited by administration of flumazenil. These results suggest that $Rb_{1}$ is the main antistress principle in ginseng and it's effect is modulated by GABAnergic nervous system.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 1996

Antiulcer effects of Artemisia herba extract (DA-9601) were evaluated in various types of experimental gastric ulcer induced in rats. And the effects of DA-9601 on mucus, basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion were also investigated in rats. DA-9601 (12.5∼400 mg/kg, p.o.) prevented the formation of gastric ulcers induced by 60% EtOH in 150 mM HC1, restraint water immersion stress, platelet activating factor (PAF), aspirin in 150 mM HCI with Pylorus-ligation and indomethacin. DA-9601 (4∼400 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly accelerated the healing rate of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer and significantly stimulated mucus secretion in a dose-dependent manner. DA-9601 (20∼200 mg/kg, i.d.), however, did not inhibit basal gastric acid secretion in pylorus ligated rats and DA-9601 (200 mg/kg, i.d.) failed to influence histamine-, pentagastrin- and carbachol- stimulated gastric acid secretion. These results suggest that DA-9601 has inhibitory action on gastric lesion and ulceration through increasing mucus secretion in the stomach of rats without influencing basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.189-209
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• 2004

Several extensions to the Thelandersson phenomenological model for concrete under transient high temperatures are explored. These include novel expressions for the temperature degradation of the elastic modulus and the temperature dependency of the coefficient of the free thermal strain. Furthermore, a coefficient of thermo mechanical strain is proposed as a bi-linear function of temperature. Good qualitative agreement with various test results taken from the literature is demonstrated. Further extensions include the effects of plastic straining and temperature dependent Poisson's ratio. The models performance is illustrated on several simple benchmark problems under uniaxial and biaxial stress states.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.41-53
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effect of Jaeumgeonbigagamtang (JGT) onrestraint-induced oxidative stress in the mouse brain. Methods: After treatment with JGT, CBC, ROS, MDA, TAC, SOD, activity of catalase, and total GSH content were analyzed. Results: JGT had a strong antioxidant activity by in vitro assay as presented GEAC. JGT treatment significantly ameliorated decrease of blood WBC and increase of platelet count. JGT (50mg/kg) treatment significantly ameliorated increase of MDA and GSH content level in brain tissue. JGT (100mg/kg) treatment significantly ameliorated increase of MDA and activity of TAC level in brain tissue. JGT (200mg/kg) treatment significantly ameliorated increase of ROS, MDA, activity of TAC level and depletion of catalase level in brain tissue. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated antioxidant activity in brain tissue. This result would be consistent with the long clinical efficacy of JGT, and this finding may provide a strong possibility of JGT as a drug candidate for brain-specific multiple disorders and symptoms.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.601-610
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• 2022

P. tenebrifer (PT) belongs to the Diptera order and Stratiomyidae family. Recently, insect industry have been focused as food, animal feed and environmental advantages. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and melatonin have been associated with regulating sleep and depression. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter and is synthesized via biotransformation of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to GABA by lactic acid bacteria. In this study, we first used a GABA-enhanced PT extract, wherein GABA was enhanced by feeding MSG to PT. The underlying mechanisms preventing stress and insomnia were investigated in a corticosterone (CORT)-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and chronic restraint stress (CRS)-exposed mouse model, as well as in pentobarbital (45 mg/kg)-induced sleep behaviors in mice. In the present study, the GABA peak was detected in high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) analysis and showed in Ptecticus tenebrifer water extract (PTW) but not in non-PTW extract. The results showed that PTW and Ptecticus tenebrifer with 70% ethanol extract (PTE) exerted neuroprotective effects by protecting against CORT-induced downregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) expression. In addition, PTW (300 mg/kg) significantly reduced CORT levels in CRS-exposed mice. Furthermore, PTW (100 and 300 mg/kg) significantly reduced sleep latency and increased total sleep duration in pentobarbital (45 mg/kg)-induced sleeping behaviors, which was related to serum melatonin levels. In conclusion, our results suggest that PTW exerts anti-stress and sleep-enhancing effects by regulating serum CORT and melatonin levels.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 1991

;ABSTRACT-The effects of gastric ulcer induced by restraint and water-immersion stress on gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar male rats treated with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) were examined. Rats of group 1 were 2iven stress for 8 hours before they were received MNNG (100 mg/l) in drinking water for 20 weeks. Rats of group 2 were received MNNG first for 2 weeks and then were given stress once a week from 3rd to 12th weeks, with simultaneous MNNG adminitration and followed by MNNG only until 20th weeks. Rats of group 3 were received MNNG only as a positive control and rats of group 4 were not treated with carcinogen. All groups were sacrificed in 20 weeks. Sections of the pyloric mucosa were stained by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) immuno-histochemical method. PAPG (pepsinogen isozyme 1 altered pyloric gland), body weight change, gross lesions and histopathological changes were examined. The results obtained from these studies were summarized as follows: 1. The mean body weight gains of the rats fed with carcinogens (group 1, 2, 3) were significantly lower than that of group 4 (control group, without carcinogen. p<0.05). However, the differences of the mean body weight of rats treated with carcinogen were not significant. 2. Stress treatment (group 1 and 2) increased the appearance of the numbers of PAPG (Pepsinogen 1 Altered Pyloric Gland) induced by carcinogen significantly compared with that of group 3 (carcinogen only, p<0.01). 3. The incidence rate of mucosal hyperplasia in pylorus was significantly increased in group 2 compared with group 3 (p<0.05).0.05).