• 한국기후변화학회지
• /
• 제34권22호
• /
• pp.8829-8840
• /
• 2021

Recent studies have highlighted that a primary mechanism of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is the fluid dynamical response to the Tibetan Plateau (TP), that is, orographically forced Rossby waves. With this mechanism in mind, this study explores how changes in the location of the TP affect the EASM precipitation. Specifically, the TP is moved in the four cardinal directions using idealized general circulation model experiments. The results show that the monsoon aspects are entirely determined by the location of the TP. Interestingly, the strongest EASM precipitation occurs when the TP is situated near its current location, a situation in which downstream southerlies are well developed from the surface to aloft. However, southerlies into the EASM region weaken as the TP moves, which in turn reduces the precipitation. Nevertheless, as long as it moves in the east-west direction, the TP is likely to force the stationary waves that induce precipitation over the midlatitudes (not necessarily over East Asia). In contrast, moving the TP well north of its original location does not induce strong monsoon flows over the EASM region, resulting in the driest case. Meanwhile, although the southward movement of the TP triggers downstream southerlies to some extent, it does not lead to an increase in the precipitation. Overall, these results show that the location of the TP is crucial in determining the EASM precipitation, and the latter is much more sensitive to the displacement of the TP in the meridional direction than in the zonal direction.

• 한국기후변화학회지
• /
• 제34권12호
• /
• pp.5081-5092
• /
• 2021

Paleoproxy records indicate that abrupt changes in thermohaline circulation (THC) were induced by rapid meltwater discharge from retreating ice sheets. Such abrupt changes in the THC have been understood as a hysteresis behavior of a nonlinear system. Previous studies, however, primarily focused on a near-static hysteresis under fixed or slowly varying freshwater forcing (FWF), reflecting the equilibrated response of the THC. This study aims to improve the current understanding of transient THC responses under rapidly varying forcing and their dependency on forcing time scales. The results simulated by an Earth system model suggest that the bifurcation is delayed as the forcing time scale is shorter, causing the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation collapse and recovery to occur at higher and lower FWF values, respectively. The delayed shutdown/recovery occurs because bifurcation is determined not by the FWF value at the time but by the total amount of freshwater remaining over the THC convection region. The remaining freshwater amount is primarily determined by the forcing accumulation (i.e., time-integrated FWF), which is modulated by the freshwater/salt advection by ocean circulations and freshwater flux by the atmospheric hydrological cycle. In general, the latter is overwhelmed by the former. When the forced freshwater amount is the same, the modulation effect is stronger under slowly varying forcing because more time is provided for the feedback processes.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.305-377
• /
• 2015

The problem of earthquake induced torsion in buildings is quite old and although it has received a lot of attention in the past several decades, it is still open. This is evident not only from the variability of the pertinent provisions in various modern codes but also from conflicting results debated in the literature. Most of the conducted research on this problem has been based on very simplified, highly idealized models of eccentric one-story systems, with single or double eccentricity and with load bearing elements of the shear beam type, sized only for earthquake action. Initially, elastic models were used but were gradually replaced by inelastic models, since building response under design level earthquakes is expected to be inelastic. Code provisions till today have been based mostly on results from one-story inelastic models or on results from elastic multistory idealizations. In the past decade, however, more accurate multi story inelastic building response has been studied using the well-known and far more accurate plastic hinge model for flexural members. On the basis of such research some interesting conclusions have been drawn, revising older views about the inelastic response of buildings based on one-story simplified model results. The present paper traces these developments and presents new findings that can explain long lasting controversies in this area and at the same time may raise questions about the adequacy of code provisions based on results from questionable models. To organize this review better it was necessary to group the various publications into a number of subtopics and within each subtopic to separate them into smaller groups according to the basic assumptions and/or limitations used. Capacity assessment of irregular buildings and new technologies to control torsional motion have also been included.

• 수산경영론집
• /
• 제50권4호
• /
• pp.29-44
• /
• 2019

This paper examines the trend of restructuring and direction of management response in the Large Purse Seine Fishery. The large-scale fishing industry is one of the most popular fishing areas in the coastal area, and it has been developed by providing exclusive supplies of many types of catchy fish, such as mackerel and horse mackerel through physical productivity in fleet operations. However, the Large Purse Seine Fishery has been declining in profitability due to the deterioration of the business environment since 2000. It is at a crossroads whether it will disappear or regenerate as it is. The Large Purse Seine Fishery's current problems are: firstly, the continued deterioration of the fishery business balance and worsening labor problems, secondly, insufficient freshness management and quality control after landing, and thirdly, import competition. The fourth is the intensification of the market competition, which is the evolution of fishing variability and the increase in the proportion of small fish. The fifth is the reduction of the operating fishing ground due to the suspension of mutual fishing in Korea and Japan. To address these problems and suggest management response directions for the survival of large-scale fishing businesses is as follows. First, a sustainable production system should be established through strengthening resource management and promoting international fisheries cooperation. Second, the profitability of fishing management should be improved by introducing a low-cost supplier system and securing a stable labor force. Third, we should improve the leading and quality control of catch, improve the high value-added value of catch through brand development, and secure competitive advantage with imported produce. Finally, the government should establish a cooperative system among private sector, government, and research institutes to push ahead with these tasks and strengthen the competitiveness of the front and rear industries.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.395-403
• /
• 2013

Plant factory has drawn attention in many countries in the world due to capability of environmental control not only for better yield and quality, but also for increase in functional and medicinal components of the products. In this paper, an experimental plant factory was constructed for various tests under different environmental conditions, and the operations were evaluated. A production room was constructed with adiabatic materials with dimensions of $6,900{\times}3,000{\times}2,500$ mm ($L{\times}W{\times}H$). Four sets of $2,890{\times}600{\times}2,320$ mm ($L{\times}W{\times}H$) production frame unit, each with 9 light-installed beds and an aeroponic fertigation system, resulting in 36 beds, were prepared. Accuracy and response were evaluated for each environmental control component with and without crops. Air temperature, humidity, $CO_2$ concentration, light intensity, frequency, and duty ratio, fertigation rate and scheduling were controllable from a main control computer through wireless communication devices. When the plant factory was operated without crop condition, the response times were 8 minutes for change in temperature from 20 to $15^{\circ}C$ and 20 minutes from 15 to $20^{\circ}C$; 7 minutes for change in humidity from 40 to 65%; and 4 minutes for change in $CO_2$ concentration from 450 to 1000 ppm. When operated for 24 hours with crop cultivation; average, maximum, and minimum values of temperatures were 20.06, 20.8, and $18.8^{\circ}C$; humidity were 66.72, 69.37, and 63.73%; $CO_2$ concentrations were 1017, 1168, and 911 ppm, respectively. Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density was increased as the distance from the light source decreased, but variability was greater at shorter distances. Results of the study would provide useful information for efficient application of the plant factory and to investigate the optimum environment for crop growth through various experiments.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.59-67
• /
• 1993

부분구조법(部分構造法)으로 프리스트레스드 콘크리트 원자로격납건물(原子爐格納建物)의 지진에 대한 확률위험도분석이나 내진 안전여유평가시 상부구조에 관한 입력자료(入力資料)가 되는 구조물(構造物)의 고유전동수와 구조물 상부에서의 최대가 속도값의 구조변수(構造變數)에 대한 변동성이 연구되었다. 본 연구는 먼저 구조모델의 고유진동수에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 구조변수를 결정하기 위하여 각 구조변수(構造變數)의 상대적(相對的) 민감도(敏感度)를 분석(分析)하였고, 각 변수의 결정에 포함될 수 있는 불확실성(不確實性)의 정도를 고려하여 Monte Carlo 수치모형실험을 수행하였다. 최대 가속도값의 변화는 직접적분(直接積分)에 의한 시간이력곡선법으로 분석되었다. 연구결과로 첫번째모드의 고유 진동수와 건물 정상부의 최대가속도값은 각 변수중 탄생계수의 영향을 가장 크게 받으며, 결정론적 방법으로 구한 값과 비교할 때 확률론적 방법으로 구한 값(평균+표준편차)은 (+)12% 정도 변함을 알 수 있다. 또한 휨강성의 불확실성을 고려하면 동적응답은 (-)4%~(+)14% 정도 달라진다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 2023

Spring black stem and leaf spot, caused by Phoma medicaginis, is an issue in annual Medicago species. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the response to P. medicaginis infection in a collection of 46 lines of three annual Medicago species (M. truncatula, M. ciliaris, and M. polymorpha) showing different geographic distribution in Tunisia. The reaction in the host to the disease is explained by the effects based on plant species, lines nested within species, treatment, the interaction of species × treatment, and the interaction of lines nested within species × treatment. Medicago ciliaris was the least affected for aerial growth under infection. Furthermore, the largest variation within species was found for M. truncatula under both conditions. Principal component analysis and hierarchical classification showed that M. ciliaris lines formed a separate group under control treatment and P. medicaginis infection and they are the most vigorous in growth. These results indicate that M. ciliaris is the least susceptible in response to P. medicaginis infection among the three Medicago species investigated here, which can be used as a good candidate in crop rotation to reduce disease pressure in the field and as a source of P. medicaginis resistance for the improvement of forage legumes.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2003

장시간 운전을 하는 동안 운전자는 외부상황을 계속해서 주시하고 경계하게 하므로 운전자에게는 정신적 부하로 작용하게 되며 이로 인해 발생하는 운전피로는 자동차 사고의 원인이 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 심박변동신호를 분석하여 운전시간의 증가에 따른 발생하는 운전피로도를 알아보았다. 심박변동신호의 분석방법에는 이전 연구들에서 널리 사용되어져 왔던 선형분석방법들과 함께 ApEn, Poincare Plot등을 이용한 비선형 분석방법들을 이용하였다. 3년 이상의 운전경력을 가진 5명의 실험자가 참가하였으며 모든 실험자는 4대의 승용차를 2번씩 운전하여 총 40회의 실험을 실시하였다. 운전구간은 고속도로 300km구간을 왕복해서 주행하도록 하였으며 약 3시간 정도가 소요되었다. 운전하는 동안 30분 간격으로 심전도 데이터를 측정하였다. 측정된 심전도 신호로부터 유도된 심박변동신호(HRV : heart rate variability)로부터 시간영역 변수, 주파수 영역변수, 비선형 특성 등을 구한다음, 안정 상태의 데이터라 비교하여 통계석 유의성을 살펴보았다. 분석결과 시간영역의 변수인 평균심박동수는 운전시간의 증가에 따라 계속적으로 감소하였으며 심박동율의 표준편차와 연속적인 RR간격의 차이는 90분 이후로는 일정 수준을 유지하였다. 주파수 영역에서 구한 L $F_{norm}$, LF/HF는 운전시간에 따라 증가함을 보였다. 비선형 특성을 알아보기 위해서 ApEn, Poincare plot을 이용하였는데 모두 시간에 따라 감소함을 나타내었다. 대부분의 변수에서 통계적 유의성은 1시간 이후부터 나타남을 볼 수 있었다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.49-61
• /
• 2021

국립수산과학원(NIFS)의 정선 관측은 높은 시공간 해상도를 가지며 장기간 동안 같은 정점에서 관측을 수행해오고 있어, 전 세계적으로 유례를 찾아볼 수 없을 만큼 귀중한 자료를 생산하고 있으나, 자료의 신뢰성 문제로 해양 기후 변화 연구에 실제적으로 활용되는 경우가 드물었다. 본 연구에서는 동해 심층 물성이 갖는 작은 자연적 변동성의 특성을 활용함으로써 반세기 이상 축적된 정선 관측 자료에서 나타나는 오차를 정량적으로 평가하여, 해양의 장기 변동성 연구에 기여하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 1℃ 등수온면에서 산출한 NIFS 염분 표준 오차는 평균적으로 1961~1980년 자료의 경우 약 0.160 g/kg, 1981년~1994년은 약 0.060 g/kg, 1995~2002년에는 약 0.020 g/kg, 2003년~2014년이 약 0.010 g/kg으로 시기에 따라 크게 달라져온 것으로 분석되었다. 특히 2011년~2014년 사이에 비정상적으로 오차가 증가된 해가 있었으며, 이것은 센서 관리의 미흡으로 염분 편향이 발생하였기 때문으로 파악되었다. 반면, 2012년도에는 안정적인 관측이 수행되어 거의 0.001 g/kg 의 오차를 갖는 매우 정확한 염분 자료가 얻어졌음이 확인되었다. 이 결과를 통해 품질 관리 과정의 체계화와 센서 관리 전문화 시스템을 확충한다면 국립수산과학원 정선 관측이 기후 변화로 인한 해양 변동성 연구에 크게 기여할 수 있을 만큼 충분히 고품질의 자료를 생산할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 마지막으로 현 정선 관측의 개선 방향에 대해 몇 가지 제언을 첨부하였다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.206-211
• /
• 2011

수영만의 CTD 관측자료와 모니터링 부이의 바람, 수온, 유속자료를 이용하여 해운대 냉수대의 변동과 원인을 연구하였다. 해류는 단주기 변동이 크고 바람과는 관련이 없었다. 해안에 평행한 북동-남서 방향의 바람은 전체 분산의 96% 이상을 차지하며 수온변화의 주된 요인이었다. 수온은 풍향에 민감하여 남서풍으로 바뀌면 바로 수온이 감소하기 시작하고 반대로 북동풍으로 바뀌면 상승하였는데, 남서풍이 2일 동안만 불어도 수온이 감소하는 경우가 세 번이나 되었다. 전체적으로 2009년에는 8월부터 5일 이하의 비교적 짧은 용승이 네 번, 그리고 2010년에는 총 7차례 중에서 7일간의 용승 3번과 18일간의 용승이 l회 기록되었다. 이 중에서 2010년 8월 중순에 발생한 용승은 7일 동안 수온이 $10^{\circ}C$ 이상 감소하여 바람에 비해 매우 강력한 용승 효과를 보였다. 감포, 울산, 기장에서도 냉수대 기간에 해운대와 같은 경향으로 수온이 감소하였고 CTD 관측과 인공위성의 수온분포 또한 연안용승 해역이 해운대-부산까지 확장될 수 있음을 보여주었다. Wavelet coherence 분석에 의하면 2~8일 주기의 성분이 용승이 잦은 기간에 상관성이 높았다.