• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.913-922
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• 1995

연구배경: 혈류의 누가현상이 일어나는 폐혈관계의 압력을 유효유출압($P_I$), 심박출량의 변화분에 대한 폐동맥압의 변화분을 폐혈관저항증분(IR)이라고 정의할때에 $P_I$ 및 IR과 폐혈관저항을 비교해보면 폐혈관저항의 문제점이 발견된다. 즉 폐혈관상이 감소하는 폐색전증에서는 이론상 IR이 주로 증가해야 하는데, 여러 연구에 의하여 상반된 결과가 보고되어있고 폐혈관저항과 $P_I$, IR간에는 상위점이 존재하는 것이 알려져 왔다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 폐혈관저항을 폐혈관계의 유효유출압($P_I$)과 폐혈관저항증분(IR)으로 세분할때 폐색전증의 유발 및 치료시 아들이 어떻게 변화하는가를 관찰하여 이러한 새로운 지표들의 의미와 일반적으로 사용되는 폐혈관저항과의 차이점을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 실험전에 동정맥루를 만든후 10~15분 간격으로 조직하여, 동정맥루가 모두 폐쇄된 상태, 하나의 동정맥루가 개방된 상태, 그리고 두개의 동정맥루가 모두 개방된 상태의 3가지 경우로 심박출량올 변화시키면서 방사성동위원소로 표지된 자가혈병으로 대량의 폐색전증을 유발시킨후의 평균폐동맥압을 측정하여 폐혈관계의 유효유출압과 폐혈관저항증분을 계산하였다. 이때 대조군은 특이 치료를 하지않고, 제 1 치료군은 15분 동안, 제 2치료군은 3시간에 걸쳐서 재조합형의 조직형 플라스미노겐 활성체를 체중당 1mg씩 정맥주입하면서 유효유출압과 폐혈관저항증분의 변화양상을 관찰하였다. 곁과: 1) 폐혈관저항은 폐동맥압의 변화양상과 유사하게 변화했는데, 세군 모두 폐혈관저항이 유의하게 증가하였고, 제 1 치료군 및 제 2 치료군에서는 치료후 폐혈관저항이 계속 감소하는 경향을 보였는데, 제 1 치료군의 감소속도가 제 2 치료군보다 유의하게 빨랐다. 2) 최소자승법으로 산출한 심박출량과 폐동맥압과의 직선관계는 절편($P_I$) 및 기울기(IR)가 유의하였다. 3) $P_I$(폐혈관계의 유효유출압)는 폐혈관저항과 동일한 양상으로 변화한 반면에, 이론상 폐혈관저항과 가까운 IR(폐혈관저항증분)에서는 세군간의 유의한 차이나 조직형 플라스미노겐 활성체 투여후의 의미있는 변화는 거의 없었다. 결론: 폐색전증에서는 폐혈관계의 실제저항을 의미하는 폐혈관저항증분과 폐색전증에 대한 이차적 혈관 수축때문에 생기는 폐혈관계의 유효유출압의 변화가 동시에 반영된다고 할 수 있겠다.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2000년도 Proceedings of 2000 KSAM International Symposium and Spring Meeting
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• pp.3-6
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• 2000

Antimicrobial resistance has been a well-recognized problem ever since the introduction of penicillin into clinical use. History of antimicrobial development can be categorized based on the major antibiotics that had been developed against emerging resistant $pathogens^1$. In the first period from 1940 to 1960, penicillin was a dominating antibiotic called as a "magic bullet", although S.aureus armed with penicillinase led antimicrobial era to the second period in 1960s and 1970s. The second stage was characterized by broad-spectrum penicillins and early generation cephalosporins. During this period, nosocomial infections due to gram-negative bacilli became more prevalent, while those caused by S.aureus declined. A variety of new antimicrobial agents with distinct mechanism of action including new generation cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, ${\beta}$-lactamase inhibitors, and quinolones characterized the third period from 1980s to 1990s. However, extensive use of wide variety of antibiotics in the community and hospitals has fueled the crisis in emerging antimicrobial resistance. Newly appeared drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing Klebsiella, and VRSA have posed a serious threat in many parts of the world. Given the recent epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and its clinical impact, there is no greater challenge related to emerging infections than the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Problems of antimicrobial resistance can be amplified by the fact that resistant clones or genes can spread within or between the species as well as to geographically distant areas which leads to a global concern$^2$. Antimicrobial resistance is primarily generated and promoted by increased use of antimicrobial agents. Unfortunately, as many as 50 % of prescriptions for antibiotics are reported to be inappropriate$^3$. Injudicious use of antibiotics even for viral upper respiratory infections is a universal phenomenon in every part of the world. The use of large quantities of antibiotics in the animal health industry and farming is another major factor contributing to selection of antibiotic resistance. In addition to these background factors, the tremendous increase in the immunocompromised hosts, popular use of invasive medical interventions, and increase in travel and mixing of human populations are contributing to the resurgence and spread of antimicrobial resistance$^4$. Antimicrobial resistance has critical impact on modem medicine both in clinical and economic aspect. Patients with previously treatable infections may have fatal outcome due to therapeutic failure that is unusual event no more. The potential economic impact of antimicrobial resistance is actually uncountable. With the increase in the problems of resistant organisms in the 21st century, however, additional health care costs for this problem must be enormously increasing.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate whether asian yellow sand dust (AS) has promoting effects of allergen-related airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, because the number of patient with allergic asthma and atopy, and with chronic bronchial inflammation and pneumonia have increased steadily in the cities of Korea. The appearance of AS collected was all round and flat, and the diameter was mostly below about 5 ${\mu}m$. When mice were treated with AS suspension by intratracheal instillation combined with ovalalbumin(OVA) sensitization chronically, the level of serum L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), IgE and histamine, and respiratory resistance was increased. Intratracheal instillation of AS and OVA also enhanced infiltration of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), IgE and eotaxin expression, and T helper type 2 cell derived cytokines of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 and IL-5 as major contributors to allergy and asthma. These results indicate that AS elevates allergen-related airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice and may play an important role in the aggravation of respiratory diseases in Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.5-13
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• 2005

COPD는 비가역적인 기류제한을 특징으로 하는 질병의 상태이다. 이러한 기류제한은 유해입자나 가스등에 대한 폐의 비정상적인 염증반응과 관련되어 있고 자연경과 중 지속적으로 진행하는 양상을 띤다. 비정상적인 염증반응 및 단백분해효소와 항단백분해효소간의 불균형과 산화 스트레스 등의 기전에 의해 점액의 과분비, 섬모의 기능장애, 소기도의 섬유화와 협착, 폐실질의 파괴, 폐혈관손상 등이 발생한다. 이러한 병리학적 변화에 의해 기류제한이 발생하고 가스교환 장애, 폐고혈압, 폐성심, 전신적인 염증이나 골격근의 기능장애 등이 유발된다. COPD 환자의 일반적인 증상인 기침, 객담, 호흡곤란 등은 이러한 병태생리학적 변화로 설명할 수 있다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제76권1호
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• pp.30-33
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• 2014

We report the first Korean case of lung diseases caused by Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii in a previously healthy male, except for a previous history of pulmonary tuberculosis and bronchiectasis. All serial isolates are identified as M. abscessus subsp. bolletii by multi-locus sequence analysis based on the hsp65, rpoB, and 16S rRNA fragments. At the genetic level, the isolate has the erm(41) gene with a T28 sequevar, associated with clarithromycin resistance, and no rrl mutation. The isolate is resistant to clarithromycin. Although the symptoms and radiographic findings have improved after combination of antibiotics, the follow-up sputum cultures are persistently positive.

• 음성과학
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.113-130
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• 2002

Measurements were made of pressure rise time (PoRT), voice cessation time, flattened peak intraoral air pressure (Po), pressure static time (PoST), pressure-fall time and the duration of oral closure as four English speakers uttered isolated nonsense $V_{1}CV_{2}$ words containing /b/ and /p/ ($V_{1}=V_{2}$ and the V was /$\alpha$/), with stress on either $V_{1}orV_{2}$ alternately. The hypothesis tested was: The tense stop consonant. will be characterized either by a higher Po or a longer PoST, and/or by both against lax. Findings: (1) PoRT was significantly greater in /b/ than /p/, (2) the voiceless stop /p/ produced generally greater mean Po, averaged across five tokens, than its voiced counterpart /b/, but statistically insignificant, and (3) altogether, across stress, tokens and subjects, the difference in the calculated pressure static time (PoSTc), i.e., PoST + PoRT, between /p/ and /b/ was highly significant (p $\leq$ 0.003). Although further investigations remain to be taken, the results strongly supported the linguistic hypothesis of tense-lax distinction, with /b/ being lax and /p/ tense. Airflow resistance at the glottis and supraglottal air volume are assumed to be responsible for much of difference in PoRT between /p/ and /b/. The PoSTc reflecting, although indirectly, the respiratory efforts during the oral closure of a stop, was a convincing phonetic parameter of the consonantal tenseness based on respiratory efforts. The effects of stress on Po and PoSTc were inconsistent, and the shorter PoRT than consonantal constriction interval was always accompanied by Po and PoST.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제82권2호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2019

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the most important disease screened for upon patient history review during preimmigration medical examinations as performed in South Korea in prospective immigrants to certain Western countries. In 2007, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) changed the TB screening protocol from a smear-based test to the complete Culture and Directly Observed Therapy Tuberculosis Technical Instructions (CDOT TB TI) for reducing the incidence of TB in foreign-born immigrants. Methods: This study evaluated the effect of the revised (as compared with the old) protocol in South Korea. Results: Of the 40,558 visa applicants, 365 exhibited chest radiographic results suggestive of active or inactive TB, and 351 underwent sputum tests (acid-fast bacilli smear and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture). To this end, using the CDOT TB TI, 36 subjects (88.8 per $10^5$ of the population) were found to have TB, compared with only seven using the older U.S. CDC technical instruction (TI) (p<0.001). In addition, there were six drug-resistant cases which were identified (16.7 per $10^5$ of the population), two of whom had multidrug-resistance (5.6 per $10^5$ of the population). Conclusion: The culture-based 2007 TI identified a great deal of TB cases current to the individuals tested, as compared to older U.S. CDC TI.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제86권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

Lung cancer ranks first in cancer mortality in Korea and cancer incidence in Korean men. More than half of Korean lung cancer patients undergo chemotherapy, including adjuvant therapy. Cytotoxic agents, targeted therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors are used in chemotherapy according to the biopsy and genetic test results. Among chemotherapy, the one that has developed rapidly is targeted therapy. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines have been updated recently for targeted therapy of multiple gene mutations, and targeted therapy is used not only for chemotherapy but also for adjuvant therapy. While previously targeted therapies have been developed for common genetic mutations, recently targeted therapies have been developed to overcome uncommon mutations or drug resistance that have occurred since previous targeted therapy. Therefore, this study describes recent, rapidly developing targeted therapies.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2015

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is recognized by the innate immune system through Toll like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I. These pathways lead to the activation of type I interferons and resistance to infection. In contrast to TLRs, very few studies have examined the role of NOD-like receptors in viral recognition and induction of adaptive immune responses to RSV. Caspase-1 plays an essential role in the immune response via the maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-18. However, the role of caspase-1 in RSV infection in vivo is unknown. We demonstrate that RSV infection induces IL-$1{\beta}$ secretion and that caspase-1 deficiency in bone marrow derived dendritic cells leads to defective IL-$1{\beta}$ production, while normal RSV viral clearance and T cell responses are observed in caspase-1 deficient mice following respiratory infection with RSV. The frequencies of IFN-${\gamma}$ producing or RSV specific T cells in lungs from caspase-1 deficient mice are not impaired. In addition, we demonstrate that caspase-1 deficient neonatal or young mice also exhibit normal immune responses. Furthermore, we find that IL-1R deficient mice infected with RSV exhibit normal Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) immune responses. Collectively, these results demonstrate that in contrast to TLR pathways, caspase-1 might not play a central role in the induction of Th1 and CTL immune responses to RSV.

• 센서학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.24-32
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• 2007

Conductive rubber material was molded in a belt shape to measure respiration. Its resistivity was approximately $0.03{\;}{\Omega}m$ and the resistance-displacement relationship showed a negative exponent. The temperature coefficient was approximately $0.006{\;}k{\Omega}/^{\circ}C$ negligible when practically applied on the abdomen. The conductive rubber belt was applied on a normal male's abdomen with the dimensional change measured during resting breathing. The abdominal signal was differentiated ($F_{m}$) and compared with the accurate standard air flow rate signal ($F_{s}$) obtained by pneumotachometry. $F_{m}$ and $F_{s}$ differed in waveform, but the start and end timings of each breaths were clearly synchronized, demonstrating that the respiratory frequency could be accurately estimated before further processing of $F_{m}$. $F_{m}-F_{s}$ loop showed a nonlinear hysteresis within each breath period, thus 6 piecewise linear approximation was performed, leading to a mean relative error of 14 %. This error level was relatively large for clinical application, though customized calibration seemed feasible for monitoring general variation of ventilation. The present technique would be of convenient and practical application as a new wearable respiratory transducer.