• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.447-460
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• 2001

The purpose of this study were to identify a relationship between symptom of health and fatigue-regulation behavior in middle-aged women. The subjects were 241 women living in Seoul and near the city, ranging in ages of 30-59(mean= 42.1 years) being interviewed during the month of Oct. to Dec., 2000. The following questionnaires were utilized in this study: a self reported symptom of health and a fatigue-regulation behavior scale originated from Kwon(1997). The analysis for the data was done by SAS program, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The results of this study were as follows 1. Total mean scores of health status were shown 29.1, physical symptom 17.9 and psychological symptom 11.2. According to symptom of body system were higher in muscular-skeletal sympom 5.5, neurologic symptom 3.5, and digestive symptom 2.7. 2. The mean scores of symptom of health were significantly different in duraion of marriage, status of menstruation, perceived fatigue, perceived cause of fatigue, perceived help of family, hours of sleep. Physical symptom was significantly different in years of educational, status of menstruation, perceived fatigue, perceived cause of fatigue, perceived help of family, hours of sleep. Psychological symptom was significantly different in parity, whether or not having past illness, perceived fatigue. 3. The neurologic symptom was significantly different in years of education, status of menstruation, perceived fatigue, time to rest The respiratory symptom was significantly different in years of education, status of menstruation and hours of physical exercise. The muscular-skeletal symptom was significantly different duration of marriage, status of menstruation, BMI. perceived fatigue, perceived cause of fatigue, perceived help of family. The cardiovascular symptom was significantly different in whether or not having religion, number of children, duration of marriage, number of pregnancy & abortion, parity, status of menstruation, BMI. The digestive symptom was significantly different in whether or not having religion and the number of children. The urologic symptom was significantly different in whether or not having job, type of family, status of menstruation, BMI, perceived fatigue, perceived cause of fatigue, perceived help of family. The score of fatigue was significantly different in number of pregnancy. 4. There were significantly positive relationships in the area of symptom on health, especially fatigue was significantly positive relationships in score of symptom of health, physical symptom and psychological symptom. 5. They choose fatigue-regulation behavior physical rest, method of diversion, management of stress, enough sleep, and psychological rest in order. In the near future, it is required that further studies investigate socio-environmental factors related to symptoms of health and develop programs motivating fatigue-regulation behaviors actively.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.263-269
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• 2017

Pulmonary function test (PFT) is a test method to determine respiratory disease. In order to obtain accurate PFT results, it is absolutely necessary to induce the inspector and cooperate with the patient. This study was to observe the importance of understanding and posture of the patient in spirometry. In 2016, 110 healthy experimenter performed spirometry; 1) only heard the explanation, 2) watching video and inspector,s demonstration, 3) twisting legs and bending shoulder. FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1/FVC$, $FEF_{25-75%}$, PEF were measured by spirometry. FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1/FVC$, $FEF_{25-75%}$, PEF were significantly increased before and after the understanding the test method. There was a significant difference in FVC, $FEV_1$, and PEF in the false posture. Reproducibility was significantly different in the experimenter' comprehension and false posture. This study provides accurate understanding of the patient and correct posture should be maintained during the examination to obtain correct and reproducible results of PFT.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.218-226
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• 2009

Purpose: In multiple blunt trauma patients, transfusion may be a significant therapeutic adjunct to non-operative management. The blood products must be expedited and efficiently to patients in impending shock caused by hemorrhage or traumatic coagulopathy, but the decision to perform blood transfusion has been made empirically, based on the clinician' and has not been guided by objective parameters, but own opinion, that may result in an underestimate of or a failure to detect bleeding, in delayed transfusion, and in a reduced outcome. This article presents quickly assessable predictive factors for determining if a blood transfusion is required to improve outcomes in multiple blunt trauma patients admitted to the emergency room. Methods: In a retrospective review of 282 multiple blunt trauma patients who visited our emergency center by emergency rescuer during a 1-year period, possible factors predictive of the need for a blood transfusion were subjected to univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Of blunt trauma patients, 9.2% (26/282), received red blood cells in the first 24 hours of care. Univariate analysis revealed significant associations between blood transfused and heart rate (HR) > 100 beats/min, respiratory rate (RR) > 20 breaths/min, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 14, Revised Trauma Score (RTS) < 11, white blood cell count (WBC) < 4000 or > 10000, and initial abnormal portable trauma series (Cspine lateral, chest AP, pelvis AP). A multiple regression analysis, with a correction for diagnosis, identified HR > 100 beats/min (EXP 3.2), GCS < 14 (EXP 4.1), and abnormal trauma series (EXP 2.9), as independent predictors. Conclusion: In our study, systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg, old age > 65 years, hemoglobin < 13g/dL, mechanism of injury were poor predictors of early blood transfusion. Initial abnormal portable trauma series, HR > 100 beats/min, and GCS < 14 were quickly assessable useful factors for predicting a need for early blood transfusion in blunt trauma patients visiting the emergency room.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.103-115
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to compare the reaction of the cardiovascular system, and the anesthetic effect among 3 experimental groups, epidural administration of medetomidine as a single agent, the combination of buprenorphine and medetomidine, and the combination of fentanyl and medetomidine. Twenty one dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and allowed to breathe spontaneously. Epidural, arterial, and venous catheters were inserted. The tip of epidural catheter was positioned at the level of the space between the sixth and seventh lumbar vertebra. After a stable plane of anesthesia was achieved, these dogs were each administered one of the following treatments epidurally : medetomidine $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M), a combination of medetomidine $5{\mu}g/kg$ and buprenorphine $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M/B), and a combination of medetomidine $5{\mu}g/kg$ and fentanyl $10{\mu}g/kg$ (Group M/F). Heart rate (HR), Respiratory rate (RR), End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and arterial blood pressure were measured before drug administration (base line) and 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 min postinjection. Blood gas analysis was performed before injection and 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60 min postinjection. Isoflurane was discontinued 80 min postinjection and pain/motor function were evaluated up to 260 min postinjection every 15 min. At the early stage of drug introduction (until 5 min), the HR was decreased significantly in all 3 groups compared with base line. In Group M, HR was significantly decreased compared with the other 2 groups. With time (starting 20 min after drug introduction), the HR was decreased significantly in Group M/B in respect to base line. However, no significant difference was seen number-wise in all 3 groups. During 60 min after drug introduction, the systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were highest in Group M and lowest in Group M/F. Among 3 groups, drug action and motor loss duration were longest in Group M/F. Analgesic effect observed in the M/F group was the most prominent and long-lasting, compared to those seen in the other 2 groups. Given the fact that the recovery of motor function takes place in a short period of time after analgesic effects disappeared, additional use of M/F depending on the patient's condition would be a good way to achieve effective pain management. However, proper care should be taken to ensure the function of cardiovascular system in the patient because the administration of M/F under isoflurane anesthesia results in a significant decline in arterial blood pressure ($65{\pm}10mmHg$).

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.553-561
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare cardiopulmonary function, RPE(Rating of perceived exertion), and blood lactate when examining the GXT(Graded exercise testing) of wheelchair treadmill and arm ergometer. Participants were 11 wheelchair basketball players with non disability. While examining the GXT of wheelchair treadmill and arm ergometer, cardiorespiratory functional capacity was measured by using $Quarkb^2$ and Polar and RPE was measured through Borg Scale. The lactate analyser, YSI-2000 was used to measure blood lactate level when resting, right after exercise, two minutes, four minutes, six minutes, and ten minutes of recovery. Data was analyzed by paired t-test using SPSS 18.0 program and significance for all statistical analysis was fixed at .05 confidence level(p<0.05). The conclusion of this study is below. First, maximal oxygen uptake which is a factor of cardiopulmonary function showed the highest with arm ergometer, the rate of respiratory exchange showed the highest with wheelchair treadmill, and maximal heart rate showed the highest with wheelchair treadmill. Second, subjective exercise intensity showed the highest with arm ergometer at the end point. Third, blood lactate level showed the highest with arm ergometer right after exercise.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.191-202
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• 1985

As the result of a significant improvement in the economic situation and development of scientific techniques in Korea during the last 20 years, the life expectancy of the Korean people has lengthened considerably and as a result the number of old aged people has markedly increased. Such an increase of the number of aged people brought about many problems. Authors would like to take a medical look at the "Problem of old aged people" presently facing us in Korea. Currently the number of people over 65 has increased rapidly and is 1,620,000, 4% of total population. But it is still much lower than 8.9% in Japan, 10.7% in U.S.A., and 14.9% in the United Kingdom. Over 25% of these aged people were found to have at least more than one disease which requires medical care. Diseases occur in the circulatory system, 30.9%, respiratory system, 17.1%, digestive system 8.6%, mental disorders, 8.4%, malignant neoplasms, 7.0%. About 51% of the aged over 65 are under medical security benefit, mostly with partial coverage plan. Their clinic visit rate was very low (2.0% in 1981), which might be due to financial reasons. Since diseases affecting the aged progress chronically, early detection and long term care are utter most important. However there is almost no special facility, long term care center or geriatric specialist. For proper management of medical problems in the growing population of the Korean eldery expansion of medical security coverage, greater number of specialized facilities, education of geriatric special manpower and efficient operating system should be established.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1977.06a
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• pp.9.1-10
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• 1977

Many etiological factors playa significant role in the development of tracheal stenosis; too high tracheostomy (Jackson, 1921), too small stoma (Greisen, 1966), the treatment with respirator using cuffed tube (Pearson et al., 1968; Lindholm, 1966; Bryce, 1972) and infection (Pearson, 1968). Although the incidence has been reduced due to development of surgical technique and antibiotics, the frequency of tracheal stenosis which produces symptoms after tracheostomy ranges from 1.5 per cent (Lindholm, 1967). In the management of the stenosis, mild cases are treated by mechanical dilatation with silicon tube or stent (Schmigelow, 1929; Montgomery, 1965) combined steroid (Birck, 1970), and in the cases of stenosis causes, these removed under the are bronchoscopy. But in severe stenosis, transverse resection with subsequent end-to-end anastomosis has been used in recent years (Pearson et al., 1968). During about 10 years, 1967 to 1977, a total of 23 patients with tracheal stenosis complicated among the 1, 514 tracheostomies have been treated in Severance Hospital. Now, we have obtained following conclusions by means of clinical analysis of 23 cases of tracheal stenosis. 1. The frequency of tracheal stenosis was 23 cases among 1, 514 cases of tracheostomy (1.5%). 2. Under the age of 5, these are 12 cases (52.2 %). 3. The sex incidence was comprised of 18 males and 5 females. 4. The duration of tracheostomy ranges from 4 days to 16 months. 5. The primary diseases requiring tracheostomy were following; central nerve system lesions 11 cases, upper air way obstruction 10 cases, extrinsic respiratory failure 2 cases. 6. Severe wound infections were only 2 cases. 7. The methods of treatment applied to tracheal stenosis were following; closed observation only 5 cases, nasotracheal intubation combined steroid 5 cases, T-tube stent combined steroid 3 cases, fenestration op. 4 cases, revision 4 cases and transverse resection and end-to-end anastomosis 2 cases.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.407-414
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• 2017

In order to identify an Convergence aerobic exercise's influence on obese female college students' Cardiorespiratory systems and arterial pulse wave Velocity, this study targeted female college students in D University in Y-gu, D-City, and selected total 26 ones having body fat percentage over 30% with no special disease in past and at present and no regular physical activity. After finally confirming their participation in this experiment by completely explaining the purpose of and contents of this experiment and getting the subjects' written contents to participate in the experiment, the investigator randomly arranged the subjects into the exercise group(N=13) and the control group(N=13) and conducted a 12-week aerobic exercise program to the exercise group this study got the following conclusion. First, concerning the body composition's change, the exercise group showed significant reduction in the weight, the body fat percentage, and the abdominal fat percentage. Second, for the respiratory & cardiovascular systems'change, the exercise group showed significant increase in the maximal oxygen uptake, the maximal heart rate, and the maximal breathing capacity. Third, for the arterial pulse wave Velocity's change, the exercise group showed significant reduction in the upper body(right and left hands) and lower body (right and left feet).

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.87-91
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• 2016

Pierre Robin syndrome (PRS) is characterized by the triad of congenital mandibular hypoplasia, glossoptosis and cleft palate. Infant PRS patients are frequently suffering from upper airway obstruction, gastroesophageal reflux and growth retardation caused by above mentioned problems. We report a dental caries treatment of 3-year old girl with Pierre Robin syndrome with multiple caries. The cause of multiple caries was mainly presumed as patient's eating habit caused by her general condition. She had some feeding problems and had history of gastric tube. She was still using milk bottle and took more than an hour to finish a meal. The treatment was performed under general anesthesia considering patient's condition; mild autism, poor cooperation and respiratory problem due to micrognathia. Severely affected upper incisors were treated with pulp treatment and restored with zirconia crown for esthetic purpose. Lower incisors were treated with pulp treatment and restored with composite resin. Upper right first primary molar was restored with stainless steel crown and other primary molars were treated with composite resin. There were no postoperative complications. According to her parents, the patient's compliance to oral hygiene management was greatly improved after the treatment since she was very pleased with the esthetic result and highly motivated by her looks. The treatment without sedation or general anesthesia would be possible once the airway is improved as the mandible grows.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.109-116
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• 1976

Reorganization of myun health care service is one of the main issues in health care delivery in rural Korea. The fundamenta, concept of the role and function of the myun health subcenter is that it is the basic unit of rural health care service and is to provide comprehensive health care service through the integration of curative and preventive services. The aim of this study is to analyze the patterns of curative activities in the myun health subcenter in terms of the most prevalent types of diseases, necessary diagnostic methods and required equipment, types of treatment, necessary drugs and materials, and finally the cost of curative services. The population on which this study was done was the 1596 patients who visited the two myun health subcenters (Sunwon Myun and Naega Myun) in Kang Wha County, the area of the Yonsei University Community Health Teaching Project, during period from May 1, 1975 to June 10, 1976. For the patient's record in the clinic, problem oriented medical records were used. Decisions regarding the disease classification, the diagnostic methods used and selection of the most appropriate and adequate medical treatment were made by a group of three experienced physicians after reviewing the medical records which had been written by public physicians who were treating patients in the study area. The records were reviewed by resident staff members of the Department of Preventive Medicine, of Yonsei University College of Medicine. A brief summary of results of the study is as follow: 1. 29.9% of the patients who visited the clinics were ages between 0-4. No sex difference was observed among patients less than 20 years of age. However, among patients over 20 years old, females predominated. Thus it is evident that the majority of patients were either children or mothers and grandmothers. 2. The distance from the individual villages to the myun health subcenter was one of important factors in determining the ratio of clinic visits. However, other factors such as the activities of the health workers also affected the rates substantially. 3. The most common 25 diseases comprised 90.2% of all the diseases recorded. Acute respiratory infection (25.5%), Skin (12.7%) , diarrheal diseases (6.8%), neuralgia and back pain (4.9%) and. all other injuries (3.9%) were the five most common diseases. 4. Of all the diseases diagnosed and treated, 9.2% required simple laboratory tests for diagnosis, 6.5% required X-ray examination, and altogether 13.6% required either laboratory test or X-ray examination. 5. Treatment and management of 42.0% of the cases could be accomplished with simple, inexpensive drugs, 12.8% required the use of more expensive drugs (mostly antibiotics) and injections were required in 19.7% of the cases. Minor surgery and referral were necessary in 5% of the cases. 6. The cost for diagnosis and treatment was estimated with a standard which was set by general concensus. The average cost of diagnosis was 144 per case and the cost of treatment was 726 per case, The Total average cost per visit was 870.