• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.143-156
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• 1997

This report was conducted to quantify the pulse/respiration ratio and set up the normal range of wan-maeck(緩脈). In order to objectify the pulse diagnosis and use as basic clinical index of Cold-Hot diagnosis, we developed the hardware and software for detection and interpretation of pulse/respiration ratio, pulse/expiration ratio, pulse/respiration ratio, inspiration time, expiration time, respiration frequency, respiration time, duration of one pulse and pulse and pulse rate per minute, The results were as follows; pulse/respiration ratio is $4.30{\pm}1.03$ times, pulse/respiration ratio is $1.60{\pm}0.32$ times, pulse/respiration ratio is $2.37{\pm}0.75$ times, inspiration time is $1.35{\pm}0.20$ sec, expiration time is $1.89{\pm}0.39$ sec, respiration frequency is $17.16{\pm}3.49$ times/min, total respiration time is $3.63{\pm}0.71$ sec, duration of a pulse is $0.86{\pm}0.15$ sec, pulse rate is $71.51{\pm}12.30$ times/min.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.873-878
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• 2005

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N$_2$O) and methane (CH$_4$) from poultry enteric fermentation were investigated using a respiration chamber. Birds were placed in a respiration chamber for certain intervals during their growing period or for the whole life cycle. The accumulated gas inside the chamber was sampled and analyzed for N$_2$O and CH$_4$ production. A curve for gas production during a life cycle was fitted. The calculated area under the curve estimated the emission factor of poultry enteric fermentation on a life cycle basis (mg bird$^{-1}$ life cycle$^{-1}$). This method can be used to estimate CH$_4$ or N$_2$O emissions from different types of avian species taking into account factors such as diet, season or thermal effects. The CH$_4$/N$_2$O emission factors estimated for commercial broiler chickens, Taiwan country chickens and White Roman Geese were 15.87/0.03, 84.8/16.4 and 1,500/49 (mg bird$^{-1}$ life cycle$^{-1}$), respectively, while the calculated CH$_4$/N$_2$O emission from enteric fermentations were 3.03/0.006, 14.73/2.84 and 9.5/0.31 (Mg year$^{-1}$), respectively in Taiwan in the year of 2000. The described method is applicable to most poultry species and the reported emission factors were applicable to meat type poultry only.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.90-93
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• 2002

In particle radiotherapy, a shape of the beam to conform the irradiation field is statically defined by the compensator, collimator and potal devices at the outside of the patient body. However the target such as lung or liver cancer moves along with respiration. This increases the irradiated volume of normal tissue. Prior discussions about organ motions along with respiration have been mainly focused on inferior-superior movement that was usually perpendicular to beam axis. On the other hand, the change of the target depth along the beam axis is very important especially in particle radiotherapy, because the range end of beam (Bragg peak) is so sharp as to be matched to distal edge of the target. In treatment planning, the range of the particle beam inside the body is calculated using a calibration curve relating CT number and water equivalent path length (WEL) to correct the inhomogeneities of tissues. The variation in CT number along the beam path would cause the uncertainties of range calculation at treatment planning for particle radiotherapy. To estimate the uncertainties of the range calculation associated with patient breathing, we proposed the method using sequential CT images with respiration waveform, and analyzed organ motions and WELs at patients that had lung or liver cancer. The variation of the depth along the beam path was presented in WEL rather than geometrical length. In analyzed cases, WELs around the diaphragm were remarkably changed depending on the respiration, and the magnitude of these WEL variations was almost comparable to inferior-superior movement of diaphragm. The variation of WEL around the lung was influenced by heartbeat.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 1967

Kim, Jong Hyup, (Div. of Biology, Atomic Energy Research Institute.) Studies on the Cellular Metabolism in Microorganisms as influenced by Gamma-irradiation(II). On respiration rate and dehydrogenase activity of yeast cells irradiated by gamma ray from cobalt-60. 1. Oxygen uptake rate of the gamma irraiated yeast cells had been measured with Warburg's manometer, and the $O_{2}$-uptake was compared with those of normal cells. The rate of endogetious respiration increases in its $O_2$-uptake at 150, 000 rentgen dose, and at higher rentoen doses it was decreased. Exogenous respiration begin to decrease in its O_2$-uptake at 5, 000r. doses of irradiation, further decrease with increasing of doses unproportionally. 2. It appears that plasma-membrane and nuclear membrane of yeast cells have changed and denatured by gamma-irradiation, as exogenous respiration of glucose had been decreased at a dose of 200, 000r's irradiation. 3. The activity of glucose, alcoholic, lactic, succinic and glutamic deliydrogenase (G.D.H., A.D.H., L.D.H., S.D.11., and GL.D.H.) in the gamma irradaited cells had been assayed by T.T.C.(Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) method and spectrophotometry, the obtained results were compared with those of normal cells. 4. At a dose of and 10, 000 rentgens' irradiation of gamma ray, the activty of each debydrogenase (G.D.H., A.D.H., L.D.H., ) shows a sharp and highest peak in optical absorbalicy, but each abtivity of S.D.H and Gl.D.H shows its' maximum peak at a dose of 30, 000r. 5. The curve of each dehydrogenase activity was found to be rhythmical according to dose-rate of gamma irradiation. 6. Comparing with activity of debydrogenase each other, the maximum peak in optical absorbency can be arranged according to order as follows; glucose > alcoholoic > lactic > glutamic > succinic, this order is identical to the order of breakdown utility in respiration of normal yeast cells. 7. The activity of dehydrogenase experimented exhibit a resistance against gamma irradiation at lethal dose of cells, and the activity of dehydrogenase are found to be much resistant than those of respiratory system. We may assume that the membrane substrate of mitochondria or cytoplasm had been destructed by gamma-irradiation much more than that of dehydronase system.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

To calculate and predict soil carbon budget and cycle, it is important to understand the complex interrelationships involved in soil respiration rate (Rs). We attempted to reveal relationships between Rs and key environmental factors, such as soil temperature, using a laboratory incubation method. Soil samples were collected from mature deciduous (MD), mature coniferous (MC), immature deciduous (ID), and immature coniferous (IC) forests. Prior to measure, soils were pre-incubated for 3 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and 60% of maximum water holding capacity (WHC). Samples of gasses were collected with 0, 2, and 4 h interval after the beginning of the measurement at soil temperatures of 5, 15, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$ (at 60% WHC). Air samples were collected using a syringe attached to the cap of closed bottles that contained the soil samples. The $CO_2$ concentration of each gas sample was measured by gas chromatography. Rs was strongly correlated with soil temperature (r, 0.93 to 0.96; P < 0.001). For MD, MC, ID, and IC soils taken from 0-5 cm below the surface, exponential functions explained 90%, 82%, 92%, and 86% of the respective data plots. The temperature and Rs data for soil taken from 5-10 cm beneath the surface at MD, MC, ID, and IC sites also closely fit exponential functions, with 83%, 95%, 87%, and 89% of the data points, respectively, fitting an exponential curve. The soil organic content in mature forests was significantly higher than in soils from immature forests (P < 0.001 at 0-5 cm and P < 0.005 at 5-10 cm) and surface layer (P = 0.04 at 0-5 cm and P = 0.12). High soil organic matter content is clearly associated with high Rs, especially in the surface layer. We determined that the incubation method used in this study have the possibility for comprehending complex characteristic of Rs.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.687-692
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• 1992

A simple method to determine viable cell numbers of each species in mixed culture was developed. The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) equals to the product of the specific OUR and the size of the microbial population. In a mixed culture, the OUR is a result of the respiration activities of each sub-population. The OUR was determined from the slope of the linear relationship between time and the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration when aeration was stopped. The specific OUR was calculated from the slope of the viable cell number versus OUR curve. These values for C. lusitaniae at 20 and $30^{\circ}C$ were $1.36{\times}10^{-9}$ and $3.90{\times}10^{-9}$ and those for P tannoPhilus at 20 and $30^{\circ}C$ were $0.59{\times}10^{-9}$ and $1.86{\times}10^{-9}$ [(%/s)/(cells/ml)J. respectively. Using these values, viable cell numbers were calculated after the OURs of mixed culture at two temperatures were measured. A good agreement between the viable cell numbers determined by this method and by plate count was obtained.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2005

Purpose: To develop the respiration simulating phantom with thermocouple for evaluating 4D radiotherapy such as gated radiotherapy breathing control radiotherapy and dynamic tumor tracking radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: The respiration monitoring mask(ReMM) with thermocouple was developed to monitor the patient's irregular respiration. The signal from ReMM controls the simulating phantom as organ motion of patients in real-time. The organ and the phantom motion were compared with its respiratory curves to evaluate the simulating phantom. ReMM was used to measure patients' respiration, and the movement of simulating phantom was measured by using $RPM^{(R)}$. The fluoroscope was used to monitor the patient's diaphragm motion. relative to the organ motion, respectively. The standard deviation of discrepancy between the respiratory curve and the organ motion was 8.52% of motion range. Conclusion: Patients felt comfortable with ReMM. The relationship between the signal from ReMM and the organ motion shows strong correlation. The phantom simulates the organ motion in real-time according to the respiratory signal from the ReMM. It is expected that the simulating phantom with ReMM could be used to verify the 4D radiotherapy.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 1969

Changes in the protein concentration in the hemolymph and the oxidation of respiratory substrates at various developmental stages in cabbage worm, Pieris rapae Linne were measured using Biuret method and Warburg manometric method, respectively. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The hemolymph protein contentration decreased gradually until the six-day pupa and increased thereafter. In the fifth larval instar the concentration reached a maximum and was about two times the value for the six-day pupa. 2. Endogenous respiration was very high at the prepupal stage, decreasing at two-day pupa, followed by an increase at the late pupal stage. 3. Glucose showed the marked activity throughout the whole stages, and had the striking influence on both the prepupal and adult stages. 4. The changes in protein concentration and the rate of oxygen consumption exhibited a general pattern of U-shaped curve through the process of life cycle according to histogenesis of the adult organ and histolysis of the larval organ.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.294-300
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• 2009

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) is performed by artificial ventilation and thoracic compression for the patient under emergent situation to maintain at least the minimum level of respiration and blood circulation for life survival. Quality of the pre-hospital CPR not only significantly affects the patient's survival rate but also minimizes side effects caused by CPR. Good quality CPR requires monitoring respiration, however, traditional respiratory air flow transducers cannot be used because the transducer elements are located on the flow axis. The present study developed a new technique with no physical object on the flow stream but enabling the air flow measurement and easily incorporated with the CPR devices. A turbulence chamber was formed in the middle of the respiratory tube by locally enlarging the cross-sectional area where the flow related turbulence was generated inducing energy loss which was in turn converted into pressure difference. The turbulence chamber was simply an empty enlarged air space, thus no physical object was placed on the flow stream, but still the flow rate could be evaluated. Both inspiratory and expiratory flows were obtained with symmetric measurement characteristics. Quadratic curve fitting provided excellent calibration formula with a correlation coefficient>0.999 (P<0.0001) and the mean relative error<1 %. The present results can be usefully applied to accurately monitor the air flow rate during CPR.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.833-839
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• 2013

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed by thoracic compression and artificial ventilation for the patient under emergent situation to maintain at least the minimum level of respiration and blood circulation for life survival. Good quality CPR requires monitoring respiration, however, traditional respiratory air flow transducers cannot be used because the transducer elements are facing the whole area perpendicular to the flow axis. The present study developed a new air flow transducer conveniently applicable to CPR. Specially designed "sensing rod" samples the air velocity at 3 different locations of the flow cross-section, then transforms into average dynamic pressure by the Bernoulli's law. The symmetric structure of the sensing holes of the sensing rod enables bi-directional measurement simply by taking the difference in pressure by a commercial differential pressure transducer. Both inspiratory and expiratory flows were obtained with symmetric measurement characteristics. Quadratic curve fitting provided excellent calibration formula with a correlation coefficient>0.999 (P<0.0001) and the mean relative error<1%. The present results can be usefully applied to accurately monitor the air flow rate during CPR.