• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.73-83
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• 2005

Disease resistance in plants is often controlled by gene-for-gene mechanism in which avirulence (avr) gene products encoding by pathogens are specifically recognized, either directly or indirectly by plant disease resistance (R) gene products and sequential signal transduction pathways activating defense responses are rapidly triggered. As a results, not only exhibit a resistance against invading pathogens but also plants maintain the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to various other pathogens. This molecular interaction between pathogen and plant is commonly compared to innate immune system of animal. Recent studies arising from molecular characterization of a number of R genes from various plant species that confer resistance to different pathogens and corresponding avr genes from various pathogens resulted in the accumulation of a wealth of knowledge on molecular mechanism of gene-for-gene interaction. Furthermore, new technologies of genomics and proteomics make it possible to monitor the genome-wide gene regulation and protein modification during activation of disease resistance, expanding our ability to understand the plant immune response and develop new crops resistant to biotic stress.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2013년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.323-325
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• 2013

This study on the proposes a spalling mechanism based on the results of a fire resistance test of HSC(High Strength Concrete) considering important factors of spalling occurrence. The factors considered in this two-sided are fire resistance test to ISO 834 fire curve. In this study, explosive spalling phenomena in the specimens were investigation.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2008

Pyrimidine antagonists including 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) have been used in chemotherapy for cancer patients for over 40 years. 5-FU, especially, is a mainstay treatment for colorectal cancer. It is a pro-drug that is converted to the active drug via the nucleic acid biosynthetic pathway. The metabolites of 5-FU inhibit normal RNA and DNA function, and induce apoptosis of cancer cells. One of the major obstacles to successful chemotherapy is the resistance of cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs. Therefore, it is important to elucidate resistance mechanisms to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. We have used C. elegans as a model system to investigate the mechanism of resistance to 5-FU, which induces germ cell death and inhibits larval development in C. elegans. We screened 5-FU resistant mutants no longer arrested as larvae by 5-FU. We obtained 18 mutants out of 72,000 F1 individuals screened, and mapped them into three complementation groups. We propose that C. elegans could be a useful model system for studying mechanisms of resistance to anti-cancer drugs.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.15-19
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• 2006

이원계 산화막인 비정질 $SiO_2$와 다결정 $TiO_2$의 저항 변화 특성을 연구하였다. Metal-Insulator-Metal의 저항 소자를 형성하여 전압 sweep에 의한 I-V를 측정하여 저항 상태를 확인하였다. 즉, 낮은 저항 상태 (LRS) 와 높은 저항 상태 (HRS) 의 두 가지 저항 상태가 존재하였으며, LRS는 전압에 의한 절연체의 불완전한 breakdown 후에, HRS는 전압에 의한 negative differential resistance 후에 각각 나타났다. LRS의 경우에는 Ohmic 전도 mechanism에 의해서, HRS의 경우에는 Schottky contact에 의한 potential barrier의 생성이 저항 상태를 결정한다고 제안하였다. 즉, potential barrier의 생성과 소멸이 두 저항 상태를 형성한다고 할 수 있다. 유전율이 높은 $TiO_2$가 $SiO_2$에 비하여, 낮은 동작 특성 전압을 나타내었으며, 1 V에서의 저항비도 높았다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.799-804
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 칩저항을 실장하는 솔더에 대한 온도사이클 시험을 수행하고, 그 결과로부터 고장 예지 실현을 위한 열하중에서의 솔더실장의 고장메커니즘을 연구하였다. 시험 중 솔더의 고장을 모니터링하기 위하여 실장된 칩저항 양단간의 저항 변화를 데이터 측정기로 실시간 관찰하였다. 관찰 데이터로부터 솔더의 크랙 진전 중과 크랙 진전 완료 시점의 고장 메커니즘을 제시하였다. 제시된 고장 메커니즘을 유한요소법으로 검증하여 솔더의 크랙이 진전 중에는 저온조건에서 크랙이 열리고 저항이 증가하며, 크랙의 진전이 완료된 후에는 고온조건에서 크랙이 열리고 저항이 증가하는 조건으로 바뀜을 보였다. 이런 결과에 기반하여 온도 사이클에서 저항측정을 통해 칩저항 실장 솔더의 고장예지가 가능함을 제시하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.357-371
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• 2016

Column base connections are critical components in steel structures because they transfer axial forces, shear forces and moments to the foundation. Exposed column bases are quite commonly used in low- to medium-rise buildings. To investigate shear transfer in exposed column base plates, four large scale specimens were subjected to a combination of axial load (compression or tension) and lateral shear deformations. The main parameters examined experimentally include the number of anchor rod, arrangement of anchor rod, type of lateral loading, and axial force ratio. It is observed that the shear resisting mechanism of exposed column base changed as the axial force changed. When the axial force is in compression, the resisting mechanism is rotation type, and the shear force will be resisted by friction force between base plate and mortar layer. The specimens could sustain inelastic deformation with minimal strength deterioration up to column rotation angle of 3%. The moment resistance and energy dissipation will be increased as the number of anchor rods increased. Moreover, moment resistance could be further increased if the anchor rods were arranged in details. When the axial force is in tension, the resisting mechanism is slip type, and the shear force will be resisted by the anchor rods. And the shear resistance was reduced significantly when the axial force was changed from compression to tension. The test results indicated that the current design approach could estimate the moment resistance within reasonable acceptance, but overestimate the shear resistance of exposed column base.

• 한국신뢰성학회지:신뢰성응용연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.207-216
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• 2013

This paper, we classified LED failure mechanisms that occur due to the delamination and analyzed each of the mechanism that gives the LED PKGs the effect. Usually, the LED is composed of several materials which are LED chips, gold wire, phosphor, epoxy resin, adhesive, reflector and lead frame. These different materials are usually delaminated in trouble conditions which are huge temperature difference, hot and humid or mechanical shocked. When the components are delaminated, a luminance will be lost and moisture be absorbed easily, a thermal resistance be increased attendantly. In this paper, we experimented to investigate failure mechanism of the thermal resistance and failure mechanism of the decrease of luminance that occur due to the delamination. A thermal shock test was performed to reproduce this phenomena by subjecting samples to a cold-hot cyclling process between $-30^{\circ}C$(15min) and $110^{\circ}C$(15min). The samples were inspected at 200, 600 and 1,000 cycles. We measured feature of LED using the spatial analyzer, optical microscope, thermal resistance, photometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, the progression of the crack and the thermal resistance and decrease in luminance are proportional to number of thermal shock.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.28-31
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• 2017

The mutation rate of proline in the position 197 (Pro197) in acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) is highest among sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide-resistance mutants. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the resistance mechanism for the mutation and to develop the herbicides specific to the mutants. SU herbicide resistance mechanism of the mutants, 197Ser, 197Thr and 197Ala, in AHAS were targeted for designing new SU-herbicide. We did molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for understanding SU herbicide-resistance mechanisms of AHAS mutants and designed new herbicides with docking and MD evaluations. We have found that mutation to 197Ala and 197Ser enlarged the entrance of the active site, while 197Thr contracted. Map of the root mean square derivation (RMSD) and radius gyrations (Rg) revealed the domain indicating the conformations for herbicide resistant. Based on the enlarging-contracting mechanism of active site entrance, we designed new herbicides with substitution at the heterocyclic moiety of a SU herbicide for the complementary binding to the changed active site entrances of mutants, and designed new herbicides. We confirmed that our screened new herbicides bonded to both AHAS wild type and mutants with higher affinity, showing more stable binding conformation than the existing herbicides.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.326-334
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• 2023

Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a silent pandemic that kills millions worldwide. Although the development of new therapeutic agents against antibiotic resistance is in urgent demand, this has presented a great challenge, especially for Gram-negative bacteria that have inherent drug-resistance mediated by impermeable outer membranes and multidrug efflux pumps that actively extrude various drugs from the bacteria. For the last two decades, multidrug efflux pumps, including AcrAB-TolC, the most clinically important efflux pump in Gram-negative bacteria, have drawn great attention as strategic targets for re-sensitizing bacteria to the existing antibiotics. This article aims to provide a concise overview of the AcrAB-TolC operational mechanism, reviewing its architecture and substrate specificity, as well as the recent development of AcrAB-TolC inhibitors.

• 약학회지
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• 제58권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2014

To study the resistance mechanism of E. faecalis to LCB01-0371, several resistant mutants to LCB01-0371 or linezolid were isolated by step-wise selection. The frequency of spontaneous mutations resistant to LCB01-0371 was lower than that of linezolid in E. faecalis. The genetic variations in resistant mutants were analyzed by DNA sequencing of domain V of 23S rRNA in each mutant. The first-step mutant to LCB01-0371 had a G2576T point mutation in V domain of 23S rRNA. However, no resistant mutant to LCB01-0371 was isolated in second-step mutant selection.