• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.199-208
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• 2016

This study examined the trends and practices of disaster welfare in Japan, particularly with the point of view of the community response. This study summarized the experiences and implications of Japan's disaster welfare. First, it is necessary to establish a foundation and linkage of support networks. In case of a disaster, the linkages among administrations, social work institutions, and community residents are required to understand the accurate situation and needs, and to develop resources. In particular, the constitution of DWAT was submitted for initial intervention. Second, the establishment of a manpower dispatching system is needed for emergency situations. In addition, the methods to cover the entire areas by system are needed. Third, the intervention of psychological treatment was shown have a low agreement rate among specialists. Fourth, it is necessary to have guidelines so that privacy protection is compatible with disaster support in a disaster welfare practice process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.39-49
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• 2020

This study was attempted to grasp the push-pull factors of urban to rural migrants in relation to services and infrastructure of rural welfare and culture. Online and offline survey were conducted for urban residents who were willing to return to the rural area and those who were already returning to the rural area. In the fields of health care, social welfare, and education, it was found that the satisfaction level of urban-to-rural migrants was relatively higher than those of latent urban-to-rural migrants. In the field of culture, leisure and sports, the level of satisfaction and concern were similar, so it was found that the expectations for the field were relatively high before returning rural area. As for the agreement degree to expand support, the demand for emergency medical facilities and dementia care program was the highest, and the demand for health care was found to be relatively high. The results of the survey on the top priority items indicate that latent urban-to-rural migrants require support of facility and space item and expansion of program item, and urban-to-rural migrants have high demand for expansion of program item in all field except healthcare field. The results of this study are expected to provide useful information for establishing the direction of the rural area development project in connection with the revitalization of policy of people return to rural area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.99-110
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• 2017

This study is to analyze the spatial structure and POE of Jungja(pavilion) shelter for rural village regeneration. 14 Jungja shelter space at rural villages in Gyungbuk province, were investigated. An interview questionnaire was conducted for total 139 residents as POE. The use behavior and satisfaction for Jungja shelter space, were investigated. The statistical analysis were mean of satisfactions, reliability, factor analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results and discussions can be objective data for rural village regeneration. In satisfaction level, 'Continuous use intention'(3.99), 'Well-suited approach'(3.87), and 'Helpful in resident living'(3.84) were shown to be high points of agreement in 5 point Likert type scale. But, the mean points were low as 2.01 in 'Surrounding landscape', 'Creation of green areas'(3.22), and 'Traffic safety'(3.22), respectively. Within use satisfaction, 5 factors were categorized, 'Use', 'Safety', 'Facility', 'Management' and 'Users'. By the result of multiple regression analysis, variables of 'Continuous use', 'Convenient location', and 'Image improvement', were shown to be main affecting variables to overall satisfaction. Furthermore, in spatial structure analysis, 4 types were categorized with the aspect of landform, roads, and location in village. The levels of satisfaction were shown to be high in village type of semi-open, road type of circular, and location type of center/back. Conclusively, these findings could be utilized as basic data and useful tool of space-structural satisfaction analytic method, and for each stage of planning/design and remodeling for rural village regeneration.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.833-839
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• 2014

The shooting noise caused by shooting training, which has strength and impacts, is becoming a serious damage to the residents around the shooting range and, consequently, the number of civil appeals against the shooting noise is on the constant increase. For this reason, the military examines the effects of the shooting noise at the stage of design in constructing a shooting range and tries to build a soundproof shooting range to minimize civil appeals. However, the lack of research and data concerning propagation and attenuation, both of which characterize the shooting noise from within a soundproof shooting range, even makes it so difficult to design a soundproof shooting range in constructing it. So this study used an acoustic simulation in a soundproof shooting range to identify acoustic and propagation characteristics within the shooting range and, on this basis, predicted the noise level at an exit of the soundproof shooting range. As a result, if the form and specifications of a soundproof shooting range were decided on at the stage of design, it was possible to use a simulation to design a soundproof shooting range with optimized acoustic performance and, on this basis, to predict a sound pressure level at an exit of the soundproof shooting range. On the basis of these data, it is probably possible to determine the degree of the effects of the shooting noise on the villages around a shooting range and the extent of damage to it and to minimize civil appeals against the shooting noise and resolve the issues of compensation and agreement with ease. This study is expected to provide useful data for designing and constructing a similar soundproof shooting range.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.221-229
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• 2021

Objectives: The Indonesian government issued large-scale social restrictions (called Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar, or PSBB) at the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to control the spread of COVID-19 in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi (Greater Jakarta). Public compliance poses a challenge when implementing large-scale social restrictions, and various factors have contributed to public non-compliance with the regulation. This study aimed to determine the degree of non-compliance and identify the factors that contributed to public non-compliance with the PSBB in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: This was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 839 residents of Greater Jakarta participated in this study. Data were collected online using a Google Form, and convenience sampling was undertaken. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore the relationships between public non-compliance with the PSBB regulation and socio-demographic variables, respondents' opinion of the PSBB, and social capital. Results: A total of 22.6% of subjects reported participating in activities that did not comply with the PSBB. The variables that most affected non-compliance with the PSBB were age, gender, income, opinion of the PSBB, and social capital. Conclusions: Strengthening social capital and providing information about COVID-19 prevention measures, such as washing one's hands with soap, wearing masks properly, and maintaining social distancing, is essential. Robust public understanding will foster trust and cooperation with regard to COVID-19 prevention efforts and provide a basis for mutual agreement regarding rules/penalties.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.55-67
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• 2022

In this study, the village development promotion system was reorganized for Gimhae-si, and improvement plans and post-operation management plans were prepared through expert surveys. Through the Village Development Project, the landscape and environment of the village were improved, and the village and residents were positively changed. The Village Development Project laid the foundation for regional revitalization, giving the next generation hope for the sustainable development of the village. While maintaining the framework of the existing Rural Development Projects guidelines through case analysis of other regions, we operate educational programs for each stage by reflecting regional characteristics, and utilize and communicate with intermediate support organizations, systematically operate, and actively intervene by Eup·Myeon administration. In addition, as a follow-up management program, various follow-up management programs were being operated, such as support for capacity building such as consulting, as well as facility maintenance and support for village managers. As a result of the expert survey to review the adequacy of the improvement plan, the improvement plan derived from the overall average of 4.28 points and the standard deviation of 0 to 0.94 points for the process is judged to be appropriate. In particular, the item of 'self-reliance stage follow-up management' was very important as all experts responded with 5 points. By establishing the village development performance goals, we tried to check whether the qualitative/quantitative goals were achieved by year, and to secure quantified status data in response to changes such as resetting performance goals or adding new performance indicators. In this study, in order to improve the capacity to achieve regional development in response to the rural agreement, we prepared our own sustainable village development promotion system, governance establishment, and follow-up management plan. In addition, it is expected to be used as a reference material for the selection of new districts and the follow-up management of completed districts by establishing the village development goals.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2007

Purpose: The role of plain, abdominal radiography in childhood constipation has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and reliability of scoring systems assessing a fecal load on plain, abdominal radiographs in children with functional constipation. Methods: Plain, abdominal radiographs from 38 constipated children and 39 control children were examined by four independent inspectors, pediatric residents. Four inspectors independently scored the radiographs according to three different scoring systems Barr, Blethyn, and Leech. No clinical information about the patients was available to the inspectors. Each abdominal radiograph was evaluated on two separate occasions, one week apart. Kappa coefficients were calculated as indicators of inter-and intra-inspector variability, coefficients <0.20, 0.21~0.40, 0.40~0.60, 0.61~0.80 and 0.81~1.00 were considered to indicate poor, fair, moderate, good, and very good agreement, respectively. Results: The Leech score showed the highest reproducibility: the inter-inspector agreement was uniformly very good on two separate occasions (${\kappa}$ values of 0.88, 0.91, 0.92, 0.86 in the first time and 0.81, 0.88, 0.89, 0.84 in the second time). Agreement using the Barr score was good (${\kappa}$ values of 0.66, 0.67, 0.69, 0.66 in the first time and 0.68, 0.65, 0.71, 0.68 in the second time). However, agreement for the Blethyn score was the lowest of the three scoring systems. The Leech scoring system had the highest sensitivity and specificity compared to the Barr scoring system for the diagnosis of functional constipation by plain, abdominal radiographs. Conclusion: The Leech score appeared to be a more accurate and reliable method because of its high sensitivity and specificity for evaluating the fecal load on plain, abdominal radiographs in children with functional constipation. Therefore, the Leech scoring system was found to be the most useful for assessment for the degree of constipation on plain, abdominal radiographs in children.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.15-30
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• 2012

It has been 10 years since the facility modernization projects of traditional markets was rigorously undertaken. Although more than 835 traditional Korean markets nationwide have already completed these projects, there does not exist a specific set of standards of installation, future maintenance, and management. As a result, the complaints made by civil stakeholders in accordance of the actual facility installation caused problems and delays of related projects. In addition, while some local governments secured and implemented their own differing standards, others have not yet established their own separate standards for maintenance and management. Specifically, 694 traditional markets nationwide were supported for the cost of installing arcades by 2010. For the short period of time after the arcade-supported projects were deployed, the number of the traditional markets had been rapidly growing as a prime example of the facility modernization projects. The arcade facilities are being planned and installed merely for screening the rain or the sun. Without fundamental data for the newly landscaped environments or information on the actual conditions of usage and assessment, there is a lack of comprehensive approaches that could possibly organize the public environments. Furthermore, the amount of support needed for repairs, maintenance, and management from the central and local governments is gradually increasing. Thus, it becomes both crucial and necessary to complement the current set of standards. The purpose of this study is to examine the actual conditions of usage, maintenance, and management among those traditional market facilities that were installed with the supports of the facility-modernization projects, especially for arcades. This will be carried out through investigating the local problems, issues, and considering international case studies. The results of this study will provide measures for effective and efficient installation and management of traditional market arcades. Improvements in the use of public resources could be directed towards transforming public business, as well as public enhancement and functional maintenance and reinforcement. Under this condition, the arcade is not a simple area to avoid rain or sunlight; it becomes a public space. It is highlighted that the arcade should establish its public business not only to activate markets but also to refine street environments and revitalize local communities. A more specific way to improve is introduced through systematic supplementation. This is needed to attract effective participation from local residents and is done so by conducting a fair procedure from the first stage of business and by providing guidelines for establishing arcades as public facilities. The study points out to the problem of merchants-centered plans and street use. It presents the need to expand to involve residents and customers. Given that the arcade is a public facility and merchants' ability to maintain it is limited, manuals and systems for its maintenance needs to be introduced through multi-party agreement of merchants, government, residents and customers.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.89-114
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• 2011

Environmental disputes not only possess the special characteristics of collectivity and plural value relativity but it also possesses the unique features of difficulty to prove cause and effect as well as the structural maldistribution of evidence and information. Therefore, the positive resolution of an environmental dispute can be brought about more easily with the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) which can take the form of talks, compromises, as well as arbitration or mediation rather than through a trial process. Such being the case, this paper first looks into the problems and effectiveness of the arbitration system of environmental lawsuits and then takes an even closer look at Korea's environmental dispute arbitration system and finally offer some reform methods. In Korea, the environmental dispute arbitration system was implemented in 1991 and has been executed since then. Although this system does have positive features such as the high rate of coming to an agreement between the involved parties but unfortunately, most of the cases rely on decisions based on right and wrong which cannot but be far away from the intentions of the ADR system. It is heavily centered around claims regarding psychological compensation regarding noise and vibrations and the ratio of the actual amount of compensation is comparatively lower than the requested amount. In addition, with the limits in organization and manpower, it leads to a lack of professionalism as well as the problem of low usage with the low awareness rate. As reform measures against the aforementioned problems, this paper suggests the following. First, in order to activate the arbitration process more fully, it proposes aggressive usage of compulsory arbitration as well as submission to arbitration, while at the same time raising ADR professionals to fill in the missing gaps. Secondly, in order to overcome the problem of concentration of related cases, making representative lawsuits of environmental organizations would be a good idea. It also states that in order to make the compensation amount more realistic, it should go out of the across-the-board decision making process and reach a decision about the compensation amount that takes the individual situation's dispute into consideration. In order to boost the professionalism of the environmental dispute arbitration, it is necessary to reform the organization and manpower such as expanding the number of members of full standing, and increasing the professionalism of the examiners. Also, to increase the usage rate of the ADR system, the paper suggests stationing a civilian consultant regarding environment, or activating the compulsory arbitration which is the premise for public participation on the part of the residents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 1975

Growth retardation and a variable degree of body disproportion are recognized features of malnutrition, and mild and moderate protein-calorie malnutrition(PCM). Among the various body measurements suggested to assess the prevalence of all grades of PCM as judged by growth retardation and by body disproportion, the 'mid-upper-arm circumference'-abbreviated to 'arm-circumference' has been suggested as a potential useful simple field index for the assessment of PCM showing that the measurement would give composite information simultaneously on three important effects on PCM-deficit in the muscle protein reservoirs, availability of calorie stores in the form of subcutaneous fat, and growth failure. And this is selected because of its easy accessibility, and less involvement with clinical edema. This study is conducted to make a comparison between the percentage of Korean weight for age standards and the percentage of mid-upper-arm circumference for age standards of 175 preschool children aged $3{\sim}72$ months who are selected among the low-income residents in Seoul. In this study, a comparison is made between the results obtained by expressing the observed weight of the child as a percentage of Korean standard, referred to as 'weight-for-age' and the observed arm-circumference expressed as a percentage of the age-specific arm standard of Jelliffe, referred to as 'arm-for-age'. All the measurements were taken following the techniques described by Jelliffe. The left mid upper arm was measured using a glass-fibre tape and the Fairbanks Morse beam balance was used for weighing. 80% level of weight for age Korean standard and 85% level of arm for are Jelliffe standard were used as an upper borderline limit for PCM. Comparing the 80% weight-for-age and the 85% arm-for-age standard as an upper limit for PCM, for children aged $3{\sim}72$ months, results in 84.6% agreement with the sensitivity of 86.4% and its specificity of 83.5%. If arm circumference alone had been measured and judgement made on this basis, then only 5.1% of the children would have been 'wrongly' classified. And there is a moderately close correlation between arm circumference and weight for age as the data in Table 4 shows. The problem therefore lies in the standard for arm circumference in normal children and in determining what is the lower limit of normal. Once this is clearly difined, one can rely more confidently on arm circumference measurements alone for the nutritional assessment of early childhood.