• 생태와환경
• /
• 제45권4호
• /
• pp.420-443
• /
• 2012

An Individual-Based Model (IBM) was developed by employing natural and toxic survival rates of individuals to elucidate the community responses of benthic macroin-vertebrates to anthropogenic disturbance in the streams. Experimental models (dose-response and relative sensitivity) and mathematical models (power law and negative exponential distribution) were applied to determinate the individual survival rates due to acute toxicity in stressful conditions. A power law was additionally used to present the natural survival rate. Life events, covering movement, exposure to contaminants, death and reproduction, were simulated in the IBM at the individual level in small (1 m) and short (1 week) scales to produce species abundance distributions (SADs) at the community level in large (5 km) and long (1~2 years) scales. Consequently, the SADs, such as geometric series, log-series, and log-normal distribution, were accordingly observed at severely (Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP<10), intermediately (BMWP<40) and weakly (BMWP${\geq}50$) polluted sites. The results from a power law and negative exponential distribution were suitably fitted to the field data across the different levels of pollution, according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The IBMs incorporating natural and toxic survival rates in individuals were useful for presenting community responses to disturbances and could be utilized as an integrative tool to elucidate community establishment processes in benthic macroin-vertebrates in the streams.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.153-159
• /
• 2010

The 34 potently pig pheromonal odorants (1-32, 5755 & 7113) through structure-based virtual screening and ligand-based virtual screening method were selected and their ADMET and pharmacokinetics characters were evaluated and discussed quantitatively. The pheromonal odorants were projected on the following pre-calculated models, Caco-2 cell permeability, blood-brain barrier permeation, hERG inhibition and volume-distribution. From the results of in silico study, it is found that an optimal compound (31) either penetrating or have a little ($P_{caco2}$=-8.143) for Caco-2 cell permeability, moderate penetrating ability ($P_{BBB}$=0.082) for blood-brain barrier permeation, the low QT prolongation ($P_{hERG}$=1.137) for the hERG $K^+$ channel inhibition, and low distribution into tissues ($P_{VD}$=-5.468) for volume-distribution. Therefore, it is predicted that the compound (31) a topical application may be preferable from these based foundings.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.271-278
• /
• 2005

Reproductive and developmental toxicology is concerned with various physical or chemical agents interfering with fertility in both gender or normal growth of offsprings. Reproductive and developmental toxicology is rather a complex science, with many fields, i.e., various endpoints are involved and many different mechanisms of action. For that reason, diverse aspects must be considered when attempting to assess possible adverse health effects in the area of reproductive and developmental toxicology. The thalidomide tragedy made it clear to regulatory authorities around the world that systematic, comprehensive evaluation of the reproductive cycle was needed to adequately evaluate the potential of medicinal drugs to impair the process of reproduction or the development of embryos, fetuses, and children. International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a guideline to assess the reproductive and developmental toxicity. Also these guidelines have since been applied to the detection and regulation of environmental toxicants, food additives, and so on. Although it was hoped that testing procedures of guideline would be updated constantly to reflect the current state of the science in reproductive and developmental toxicology, it was not until this decade that regulatory guidelines and testing methods have been altered in a significant way. In this paper, we would like to present the recommended approaches and recent trends for improvement of testing guidelines or experimental methods in reproductive and developmental toxicology.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2009

Differential gene expression profiling was performed in the hepatic tissue of marine medaka fish (Oryzias javanicus) after exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), by heterologous hybridization using a medaka cDNA microarray. Thirty-eight differentially expressed candidate genes, of which 23 were induced and 15 repressed (P<0.01), were identified and found to be associated with cell cycle, development, endocrine/reproduction, immune, metabolism, nucleic acid/protein binding, signal transduction, or non-categorized. The presumptive physiological changes induced by BaP exposure were identified after considering the biological function of each gene candidate. The results obtained in this study will allow future studies to assess the molecular mechanisms of BaP toxicity and the development of a systems biology approach to the stress biology of organic chemicals.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.155-163
• /
• 2022

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can give rise to a vast array of differentiated derivatives, which have gained great attention in the field of in vitro toxicity evaluation. We have previously demonstrated that hPSC-derived alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are phenotypically and functionally similar to primary AECs and could be more biologically relevant alternatives for assessing the potential toxic materials including in fine dust and cigarette smoking. Therefore, in this study, we employed hPSC-AECs to evaluate their responses to exposure of various concentrations of diesel particulate matter (dPM), cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and nicotine for 48 hrs in terms of cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress. We found that all of these toxic materials significantly upregulated the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Furthermore, the exposure of dPM (100 ㎍/mL) strongly induced upregulation of genes related with cell death, inflammation, and oxidative stress compared with other concentrations of CSE and nicotine. These results suggest that hPSC-AECs could be a robust in vitro platform to evaluate pulmotoxicity of various air pollutants and harmful chemicals.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.78-86
• /
• 2023

Here, upon acute (96 h) and chronic (14 days) exposure, ingestion of polystyrene NPs (100 nm) and physiological, biochemical, and cholinergic modulations were analyzed in the water flea Moina macrocopa exposed to different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 ㎍ l^-1). Exposed NPs were observed in the internal organs (e.g., digestive tract and foregut) of the water flea. Chronic exposure to the relatively high concentrations resulted in significant decreases in survival, body length, and the total number of molts, whereas reproduction parameter was not affected. Significant increase in oxidative stress biomarker (malondialdehyde) and decrease in the intracellular content of endogenous antioxidant (glutathione) and enzymatic activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase) were detected in response to relatively high concentrations of NPs. Transcriptional expression of the hsp70 gene was increased in response to relatively high concentrations of NPs, whereas acetylcholinesterase activity was lowered by the same concentrations of NPs. Taken together, NPs exposure would be a significant modulator on physiological and biochemical metabolism of water flea.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.65-78
• /
• 2008

Objectives : this study was to access the effect of Hyeonggaeyeongyotang water extracts, a polyherbal formula has been used as folk medicine, on the fertility and early embryonic development of male and female Wistar rats when administered by oral gavage. Methods : In male rats, Hyeonggaeyeongyotang extract were dosed 4 weeks before pairing and 2 weeks after mating including the mating periods up to termination after necropsy of the majority of the females. In female rats, they were dosed 2 weeks before pairing, and from Day 0 to Day 7 of gestation. This study was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the KFDA Guideline [2005-60] for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products. Results: 1. No Hyeonggaeyeongyotang extract treatment-related changes on the clinical signs and mortalities, the Food consumptions, the Body weights and gains were demonstrated in all dosed levels tested in this study except for 500ml/kg-dosing male group in which a significant(p<0.05) increase of body gains was detected during day 0-7 after dosing. 2. No Hyeonggaeyeongyotang extract treatment-related changes on the pre-coital intervals, the estrus cycles, the mating index, conception rate and fertility index were demonstrated in all dosed levels tested in this study. 3. No Hyeonggaeyeongyotang extract treatment-related gross findings on reproductive organs, the weights of reproductive organs, histopathological findings on reproductive organs, the corpora lutea number, implantation site number, live fetus number, number of resorpted embryo and pre-and post-implatation loss were demonstrated in all dosed levels tested in this study. Conclusions : Base on the results, it is considered that the NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) for fertility and early embryonic development toxicity of Hyeonggaeyeongyotang extract was under 2000ml/kg/day in Wistar male and female rats because there no treatment-related changes on the fertility and early embryonic developmental index were demonstrated in all dosed levels tested.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.22-34
• /
• 2016

유해 남조류 Microcystis와 Dolichospermum의 친환경적인 제어를 위해 생물유래 물질을 기반으로 한 Naphthoquinone(NQ) 계열의 녹조제어 물질을 개발하였다. NQ의 기본구조를 바탕으로 치환기 ($R_n$)를 변화시켜 총 92종의 NQ 유도체를 합성 확보하였고, 대상 남조류 Microcystis와 Dolichospermum에 대하여 농도별 살조효과를 평가하여 $1{\mu}M$의 농도에서 80% 이상의 제어가 가능한 NQ 화합물을 각각 22종을 선정하였다. 그 중에서, NQ 40 물질은 최적 적용 농도인 $1{\mu}M$에서 Microcystis와 Dolichospermum 종에 각각 99.6%과 100%의 높은 제어효과가 관찰되었다. NQ 40 물질 ($1{\mu}M$)은 규조류 Stephanodiscus, Cyclotella와 와편모조류 Peridinium에는 살조효과가 없었으며, 대상 유해 남조류 Microcystis와 Dolichospermum에만 선택적으로 작용하였다. 또한, NQ 40 물질의 급성독성을 평가 결과, Selenastrum capricornutum, Daphnia magna 및 Danio rario 종에 대하여 $EC_{50}$/$LC_{50}$ 값이 각각 3.2, 14.5 및 $15.7{\mu}M$로 측정되었다. 더불어, D. magna를 이용한 만성독성 평가 결과, NQ 40 물질 $1{\mu}M$에서 생존, 성장, 번식에 대한 영향은 없었다. 따라서, 최종 선정된 NQ 40 물질을 현장에서 $1{\mu}M$로 적용한다면, 다른 수생생물에 미치는 영향 없이 대상 조류인 Microcystis와 Dolichospermum 종만 선택적으로 제어 가능한 친환경적인 살조물질로 사용될 것으로 판단된다.

• 농약과학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.249-255
• /
• 2008

긴털이리응애와 점박이응애에 대하여 fluacrypyrim, cyflumetofen과 spiromesifen의 권장사용농도로 상대독성을 시험하였다. Fluacrypyrim과 cyflumetofen은 점박이응애보다 긴털이리응애의 자성충에 대하여 독성이 매우 낮았으며, 이들 두 살비제를 처리한 긴털이리응애 암컷성충은 무처리에 비해 $88{\sim}93%$의 산란수를 나타내었다. Fluacrypyrim과 cyflumetofen의 처리는 긴털이리응애 난의 부화나 생존 유 약충의 발육에 영향이 없었으며, 유 약충의 $92{\sim}96%$가 성충으로 우화하였다. Spiromesifen은 시험농도에서 긴털이리응애 암컷성충의 생존율과 산란수에는 큰 영향이 없었으나, 유충에는 100%의 치사율을 나타내었다. Fluacrypyrim과 cyflumetofen을 처리한 먹이를 섭식한 긴털이리응애 자성충은 생존율과 산란수에 큰 영향을 받지 않았다. 또한 이들 살비제를 처리한 먹이를 포식한 긴털이리응애의 유 약충도 성충 우화율에 실질적인 영향을 받지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 긴털이리응애의 암컷성충과 발육태에 영향이 적게 나타난 fluacrypyrim과 cyflumetofen은 점박이응애의 종합관리체계에서 긴털이리응애와 함께 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제15권1_2호
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2000

아세트아닐리드는 그의 생산 및 이용 공장에서 환경으로 방출된 다음 인체에 노출될 수 있다. 아세트아닐리드는 진통효과클 나타내는 것으로 알려져 과도 노출시에는 건강에 부작용을 초래할 수 있다. EUSES시스템에 의하면 아세트아닐리드는 지역노출의 경우 6$\times$$10^4$을 초과하는 높은 MOS 값(안전성 마진)을 보여주어 공중보건상 충분히 안전한 것으로 나타났다 국지수준(작업장)에서 경피노출에 의한 MOS최저 값은 3$\times$$10^{-4}$으로 추정되었지만 작업장에서 개인장비나 환기와 같은 예방조치에 의하여 그 위험을 부분적으로 경감시킬 수 있다. 아세트아닐리드는 분진 흡입하는 작업자에게 위험 가능성이 나타날 수 있다. 작업장에서 건강보호를 위해서는 산업보건 측면에서의 안전함이 증명될 수 있도록 반복투여독성, 생식독성 및 발육독성에 관한 자료가 보완되어야 할 것이며, 따라서 이에 대한 실험이 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.