• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2005

Appropriate drug classification is important fur rational drug consumption. This study was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness of current drug classification system and suggest possible ways for improving the system. Nonprescription drug market has been decreased. Since total 27,962 products had been classified (prescription 17,187 vs. nonprescription 10,775 products, 61.5% vs. 38.5%) in July 2000 for implementing separation of drug prescribing and dispensing system, there are no classification changes. Reclassification is not motivated by product holder and regulatory system did not lead classification change either. Consumers' ease access to some nonprescription drugs is demanded. But point of public awareness and cultural and health environmental views, saff drug use rather than advantages from broad supply of nonprescription drugs is more critical. We concluded that current 2-categorized (prescription and nonprescription) drug classification system is appropriate, and addition of general sale category should be approached carefully with long term Preparations such as establishment of better nonprescription drug consuming infrastructure by public information provision and education for improving public medicinal knowledge and strengthening self medication guidance, and review of current classification status of marketed drugs and switching possibilities. For systemizing and encouraging reclassification, introduction of regulatory renewal system as a continuous reevaluation program which is the best way to review appropriateness of drug classification as well as provision of detailed guidance for industry including policy, requirement and process fer reclassification application, are necessary.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5579-5587
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• 2013

Research indicates that a small population of cancer cells is highly tumorigenic, endowed with the capacity for self-renewal, and has the ability to differentiate into cells that constitute the bulk of tumors. These cells are considered the "drivers" of the tumorigenic process in some tumor types, and have been named cancer stem cells (CSC). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) appears to be involved in the process leading to the acquisition of stemness by epithelial tumor cells. Through this process, cells acquire an invasive phenotype that may contribute to tumor recurrence and metastasis. CSC have been identified in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) using markers such as CD133 and CD44 expression, and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity. Head and neck cancer stem cells reside primarily in perivascular niches in the invasive fronts where endothelial-cell initiated events contribute to their survival and function. Clinically, CSC enrichment has been shown to be enhanced in recurrent disease, treatment failure and metastasis. CSC represent a novel target of study given their slow growth and innate mechanisms conferring treatment resistance. Further understanding of their unique phenotype may reveal potential molecular targets to improve therapeutic and survival outcomes in patients with HNSCC. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-knowledge on the pathobiology of cancer stem cells, with a focus on the impact of these cells on head and neck tumor progression, metastasis and recurrence due to treatment failure.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.17
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• pp.113-134
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• 2004

According to Hans Kippenberg, the foundation of an academic study of religions coincided with the beginnings of modernization. Since the second half of the nineteenth century most European countries were involved in a process of rapid social change. The repercussions that this had for daily life were momentous. Instead of working for their traditional needs, people now had to produce goods for a market. Old customs ceded to private contracts and political laws. The superior knowledge of science replaced the inherited worldview. This deep changed severed societies from their ties to the past. Many educated people in Europe believed in an imminent end of all religions. Had not the scientific progress superseded the religious worldview? Historians had to come to terms with that expectation when they directed their attention to historical religions. Friedrich Max Muller introduced a new science, so-called Religionswissenschaft through the study of the ancient Vedic sources. He thought that genuine religion was a taste for, and sense of, the infinite. From his point of view, the Indian sources confirm that nature is more than mechanical laws. Thus his interpretation sought to contradict the materialist ideology of his day. Edward Burnett Tylor described religions as a kind of natural philosophy. His notion of 'soul' functioned to explain natural events. This legacy of the past cannot be missed even in modern society. Only the concept of the soul may preserve human dignity in an age of materialism. Gerardus van der Leeuw, also tried to perform the same function of the cultural critique for the renewal of the religious imagination in modern, rationalized Europe imprisoned in the iron-cage. In this respect, we could think that the interpretations of the history of the History of Religions in the light of the intellectual history are very suggestive for the korean student of religion. It helps them to describe the early history of the study of religion in Korea. For example, Yi Neung Wha(李能和) is regarded as 'a father of korean religious studies, but no one could present a proper answer for the question of why and through which connection of his intellectual milieu he was interested in the religious history and the study of religion. We would discover its signification in his confrontation of the prevailing social thought, such as social evolutionism.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.171-185
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• 2000

The twenty-first century may be said to be entering into a specialized qualification age to meet the needs of new technical innovations such as environmental changes, demographical changes, changes in the constitution of diseases, changes in the needs of the national health, reforms of information and knowledge, etc., which requires the provision of competitive services that can fulfill the high level needs of consumers. In consequence, it is needed to apply a practical nursing model that can serve as a guide for healthy society and to secure the sphere that can affect nursing policy-making by keeping pace with the changing environment. Furthermore, it is also urgent to expand more the activity sphere of nurse specialists with authority and autonomy, establish their legal foundation, establish a qualification accreditation system for nurse specialists, and develop educational programs. In Korea, the law relative to organ transplant past the national assembly on February 9, 2000, legally acknowledged brain death, which indicated to us the emergence of an age of organ transplant. Therefore, it necessitates to find out those of brain death from whom organ transplant is feasible in clinical practices, with their families' consent link to those terminal organ failure patients who are in need of an organ, and mediate both parties so that smooth transplant can be accomplished. A series of these complicated procedures require systematically trained specialists with high level techniques of organic management. With this in mind, this study was conducted on 69 clinical nurse specialists for organ transplant, accredited by the hospital, who are in active service in clinical practices. The resultant findings were revealed, as follows: 1. The qualifications of clinical nurse specialists for organ transplant should be accredited by Ministry of Health and Welfare or Korea Nurses Association. 2. The validity of qualifications should be for three years, and their renewal should be based on marks of a supplemental training or an education course for more than 12 hours a year. 3. The qualification of the clinical nurse specialist necessitates theoretical lectures and practices on those nurses who have had clinical experience in the pertinent field. 4. The course of training is required to be one year in the length of training and take more than 20 credits (320 hours) and 5 credits (240 hours).

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.331-344
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to identify a support method for the introduction of metaverse-based classes (MBC) in home economics (HE) education. This was achieved by diagnosing the stages of concern and levels of use exhibited by HE teachers applying the concerns-based adoption model (CBAM). Questionnaires were sent to a convenience sample of middle- and high-school HE teachers using the KSDC (Korea Social Science Data Center). Overall, 271 responses were received, and the data were analyzed using KSDC E-STAT 3.0 and SPSS 28.0.1.1. The results were as follows: First, regarding the level of knowledge of MBC, the introductory level was the most common (139 respondents, 51.3%,), followed by the beginner level (81, 29.9%), the intermediate level (28, 10.3%,), the advanced level (12, 4.4%), and the master level (11, 4.1%). Average responses on a 5-point Likert scale to questions about the use of metaverse in HE classes were as follows: possibility (4.02), necessity (3.82), and usefulness (3.90). Second, HE teachers' stages of concern in MBC were as follows (in descending order): unconcerned - stage 0, and information - stage 1 (86.9), personal - stage 2 (85.6), management - stage 3 (80.9), collaboration - stage 5 (57.5), consequence - stage 4 (57.4), and refocusing - stage 6 (55.2). Third, the use of MBC was highest for orientation - level 1 (173 respondents, 63.8%), followed by non-use - level 0 (34, 12.5%), preparation - level 2 (29, 10.7%), mechanical - level 3 (15, 5.5%), refinement - level 5 (8, 3.0%), renewal - level 7 (8, 3.0%), routine - level 4 (3, 1.1%), and integration - level 6 (1, 0.4%). Many HE teachers had heard about MBC but were in the introductory level of not knowing what it is, and at the stage of being unconcerned or wanting to know about MBC. Of the 271 respondents, only 35 used metaverse in classes. Therefore, it is necessary to provide teacher training opportunities that provide basic information on the significance and implementation of MBC for HE teachers. Also, an MBC guideline book should be developed and distributed to HE teachers. Finally, a teacher community meeting is needed to share the expertise of teachers with substantial experience in using MBC.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.161-200
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• 2023

The fairy tale 'The King's Ass's Ears' is a simple story about a king and a barber. The king's 'Ass's ears' is discovered by the barber, who becomes sick due to his inability to reveal the secret. He eventually confesses the secret in a deep pit and covers it with soil, but a reed grows in that spot and reveals the secret when it sways in the wind. This fairy tale is registered in Stith Thompson's narrative type AT 782 as 'King Midas and His Ass's Ears', corresponding to a well-known story of King Gyeongmun in Korea, as it is published in elementary textbooks. When something becomes conscious, its automatic mechanical tendency leads to obsolete and rigid. To avoid rigidity in our conscious life, we need continuous renewal via contact with the flow of mental events in our unconscious. From the aspect of analytical psychology, the King's 'Ass's ears' enables irrational contact with the fundamental emotions lost in the flow of life. The barber symbolizes spiritual transformation, and the reed swaying in the wind symbolizes the revelation of secretive knowledge associated with the divine. The king can hear the sound of all creation and become one with it, which was the will of the divine. The Self, as the psychic totality of an individual and paradoxically also represents the regulating center of the collective unconscious, continually seeks to merge and transform with the lost primal layer of humanity, which has now become distant and discarded due to the development of human consciousness.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish accreditation systems of reliable educational materials for nutrition and dietary life which could be used in schools, workplace, and health promotion. Methods: The study was conducted from April 2011 to October 2011. Literature reviews, institutional visits, and telephone interviews were conducted. Expert meetings and advisory councils were held in order to receive feedback on development of the accreditation systems. A survey was conducted for the accreditation procedures on 143 professionals, including professors, researchers, health and medical experts, teachers, nutrition teachers, dietitians, and clinical nutritionists. Results: The final procedure of the developed accreditation system was finalized as follows: 1) receiving application twice per year 2) complete desk review (written evaluation) by three reviewers within two months, 3) board review (all board members) and decision, and 4) notification of results. The accreditation system is set for printed materials, web-site, and materials for activities. The certificate and accreditation mark is issued to the final certified educational materials. Expiration date is established only for the web-site form. The accreditation length lasts for two years, and can be extended by renewal application. Conclusion: The dietary and nutrition related materials, which are certificated by this accreditation system, could impart reliable information and knowledge to both learners and educators, and help them in effective selection of educational materials. Therefore, this accreditation system might be expected to increase satisfaction for teaching and learning about nutrition and healthy dietary life.