• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.152-160
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• 2007

목 적 : 이식신 생검은 이식신 기능 이상의 원인, 거부반응의 정도, 예후 등을 확인하는데 도움이 된다. 그러나 이식신의 조직학적 변화가 신피질에 고르게 분포하지 않는 경우를 흔히 보게 된다. 따라서 본 연구는 이러한 이식신 생검에서의 잠재적인 표본추출의 오류를 평가하기 위하여 시행되었다. 방법 : 569개의 이식신 생검 표본 중에서 Banff criteria에 준하는 급성 거부반응을 보이고 있으며, 신피막부터 수질까지의 전 층을 포함하고 있는 신생검 표본 26개를 조사하였다. Banff criteria를 변형하여 조직의 변화를 간질성 염증(0-3+), 부종(0-3+), 요세관간질염(0-3+)으로 구분하여 급성거부반응의 등급을 표면 피질, 깊은 피질과 피질에 근접한 수질층 각각을 비교하여 조직학적 분석을 시행하였다. 결과 : 간질성 염증(P=0.019), 부종(P=0.023), 요세관 거부등급(P=0.019)에서 깊은 피질에서 표면 피질에 비해 급성 거부반응의 정도가 심하였다. 결론 : 이식신의 급성 거부반응을 진단하기 위하여 신생검을 실시 할 경우 깊은 피질이 포함되지 않으면 급성 거부반응을 과소 평가 할 수 있으므로 주의해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.58.1-58.11
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• 2020

Background: Quantitative evaluation of renal cortical echogenicity (RCE) has been tried and developed in human and veterinary medicine. Objectives: The objective of this study was to propose a method for evaluating RCE quantitatively and intuitively, and to determine associations between ultrasonographic renal structural distinction and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in canine chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Data were collected on 63 dogs, including 27 with normal kidney function and 36 CKD patients. Symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations were measured for calculating eGFR. RCE was evaluated as 3 grades on ultrasonography images according to the distinction between the renal cortex and outer medulla. The RCE grade of each kidney was measured. Results: There was a significant difference in eGFR between the group normal and CKD (p < 0.001). As mean of RCE grades (the mean values of each right and left kidney's RCE grade) increases, the proportion of group CKD among the patients in each grade increases (p < 0.001). Also, severity of RCE (classified as "high" if any right or left kidney evaluated as RCE grade 3, "low" otherwise) and eGFR is good indicator for predicting group CKD (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The degree of distinction between the renal cortex and the outer medulla is closely related to renal function including eGFR and the RCE grade defined in this study can be used as a method of objectively evaluating RCE.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

The production of concentrated urine is achieved by countercurrent multiplication in the renal medulla. The single effect of the outer medulla is the active NaCl reabsorption in the thick ascending limb, while the single effect of the inner medulla is the passive efflux of NaCl through the thin ascending limb. The passive mechanism in the inner medulla requires a high interstitial urea concentration which is maintained by intrarenal recycling of urea. During the past decade, many transport proteins involved in the urine concentrating mechanism have been cloned, which has enabled us to understand the countercurrent multiplication mechanism on a molecular basis. This review will summarize the locations and functions of the renal medullary transport proteins, and the recent insights that have been acquired into the long term regulation of urea transporters.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.60-63
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• 2000

Renal hemangioma is an uncommon benign tumor which usually causes painless or painful gross hematuria. Its preoperative diagnosis is extremely difficult or even impossible. We experienced three cases of renal hemangioma, located mainly at the pelvocalyceal junction or in the inner medulla. US demonstrated variable echogenecity, and CT revealed a lack of significant enhancement. Where there is gross hematuria in a young adult, especially when the renal mass located in the pelvocalyceal junction or inner medulla shows little enhancement on CT, renal hemangioma should form part of the differential diagnosis.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.208-212
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• 2017

This study was performed to retrospectively pursue any correlation between renal cortex thickness (RCT), outer medulla thickness (OMT) on ultrasonography (US) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage. Medical records and US findings of the dogs diagnosed CKD were reviewed for comparing to those of the clinically healthy dogs from March. 2015 through June. 2016. To evaluate the correlation about normal and CKD patients, RCT and the OMT were measured on US images. RCT and OMT were adjusted by dividing body surface area for standardization (RCTS, OMTS). Also the ratio of RCT/OMT were calculated and these indices were evaluated to investigate any tendency between 5 groups (normal and 4 IRIS stages) using Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test (J-T test). The RCTS showed a declining tendency (p < 0.02) and the OMTS showed an inclining tendency from normal through each IRIS stage (p < 0.01). The RCT/OMT showed also declining tendency (p < 0.01). Although the gold standard for renal function including GFR is lack, it is thought that differentiation between normal and CKD patients could be possible on US measurement of renal cortex and outer medulla thickness, which could be an alternative index for kidney function in diagnostic imaging.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.588-597
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• 2020

Objective: To investigate the value of combined chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and conventional magnetization transfer imaging (MT) in detecting metabolic and structural changes of renal fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) at 3T MRI. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five Sprague-Dawley rats underwent UUO surgery (n = 25) or sham surgery (n = 10). The obstructed and contralateral kidneys were evaluated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after surgery. After CEST and MT examinations, ¹⁸F-labeled fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography was performed to quantify glucose metabolism. Fibrosis was measured by histology and western blots. Correlations were compared between asymmetrical magnetization transfer ratio at 1.2 ppm (MTR_asym(1.2ppm)) derived from CEST and maximum standard uptake value (SUV_max) and between magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) derived from MT and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Results: On days 3 and 7, MTR_asym(1.2ppm) and MTR of UUO renal cortex and medulla were significantly different from those of contralateral kidneys (p < 0.05). On day 7, MTR_asym(1.2ppm) and MTR of UUO renal cortex and medulla were significantly different from those of sham-operated kidneys (p < 0.05). The MTR_asym(1.2ppm) of UUO renal medulla was fairly negatively correlated with SUV_max (r = -0.350, p = 0.021), whereas MTR of UUO renal medulla was strongly negatively correlated with α-SMA (r = -0.744, p < 0.001). Conclusion: CEST and MT could provide metabolic and structural information for comprehensive assessment of renal fibrosis in UUO rats in 3T MRI and may aid in clinical monitoring of renal fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.134-140
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the effects of n-3 fatty acids on renal function in male Sprague-Dawley rats of different ages 5-, 15- and 19-months old. The rats were fed a 20%(w/w) lipid diet containing 10% fish oil, compared with control animals fed a 20% lipid diet without fish oil for 4 weeks. The results were as follows: kidney weights were significantly higher in fish oil-fed rats compared to control rats. Plasma levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, and triglyceride markedly increased, with aging and LDL-cholesterol showing a significantly lower level in fish oil-fed rats than control rats. The urinary protein and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increased with aging. GFR was higher in fish oil-fed rats. However, urinary protein was the same in the two groups. Renal medulla thromboxane B$_2$(TXB$_2$)tended to be lower in fish oil-fed 19-month-old rats. Urinary TXB$_2$and PGE$_2$were found to be higher proteinuria. Light microscopic examination showed interstitial inflammation, tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis and glomerular mesangium increase. Although glomerular sclerosis increased with aging, fish oil in the diet had no effect on histological changes. In conclusion, plasma lipid, urinary protein excretion and renal histological change showed a significant increase with aging. The reduction of TXB$_2$in the medulla and increase of GFR caused by fish oil indicated n-3 fatty acid could affect renal function in line with the hypolipidemic effect.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.9-17
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• 1972

This experiment was carried out to investigate systematically how the aerobic metabolic capacity of renal tissue reduced by the effects of a period of induced ischemia. Aerobic metabolic studies were performed on homogenates of cortex and medulla of rabbits. Ischemia was induced by occluding the renal vein or renal artery of the left kidney for an hour. The right kidney used as a paired control. Aerobic metabolism was asesssed by measuring the oxygen consumption using the Warburg's manometric apparatus. The results are summarized as follows: 1. One hour of occlusive ischemia does not increase in the kidney weight in the renal arterial occlusion but increase in the renal venous occlusion. 2. Occlusion of either the renal vein or renal artery for an hour did not reduce to any significant degree the level of endogenous substrate in cortical homogenates as measured the rates of $0_2$ consumption. 3. A significant reduction in the rate of $C_2$ consumption was noted in the medullary homogenates of renal venous occluded kidneys while renal arterial occlusion had less of an effect. 4. The capaciy of homogenates for aerobic metabolism is not reduced by acute ischemia, because of the higher rate of oxygen consumption induced by exogenous glucose in renal vein occlusion. 5. The oxygen consumption of medullary homogenate more decreased to acute ischemia than cortical homogenates. The results of this investigation suggest that one hour circulatory stasis does not reduce major potential capacity of renal cortical tissue at the subcellular level to produce energy. In contrast, the aerobic metabolism of medullary tissue is reduced by renal ischemia. Further, both cortex and medulla appear to be more sensitive to ischemia induced by renal venous occlusion than by renal arterial occlusion.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.61-74
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• 1986

The anatomy of the renal papilla and pelvis of the bat(Pipistrellus abramus abramus Temminck) and their ultrastructure of the epithelium has been studied by means of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The bats were captured at Ondal cave located in Yangchun-Myun, Tanyang-Kun, Chungchongpuk-Do, Korea in the active(July) and hibernating(January) phases. A conical renal papilla with several papillary foramina at the apex was curved toward the ureter. At the margin of the funnel-shaped renal pelvis, the fornix extended deeply into the kidney parenchyme was formed between the outer zone of the medulla and the cortex. The epithelium of the papilla covered the inner zone of the medulla. The epithelium of the fornix medially overlayed the outer zone of the medulla, and laterally the cortex. The surface epithelium of the papilla was simple columnar in shape with the scanty organelles and the short microvilli on their luminal surface. The fornix was Jined with $1{\sim}2$ cell layered squamous epithelium. On the medial surface of the fornix, two types of the superficial epithelial cells were identified; one had numerous short microvilli and the other had the microplicae and plaques on their luminal surface. The lateral surface of the fornix lined with the epithelial cells showed microridges and plaques on the luminal surface. The epithelial cells on the medial and lateral surfaces of the fornix were similar to their internal ultrastructures. The pelvic epithelium was a typical transitional type, which was composed of a layer of basal cells, one or two layers of intermediate cells, and a layer of superficial(facet) cells. The fusiform vesicles were observed in the cytoplasm of the intermediate and facet cells. There were no noticeable morphological changes in the epithelium of the papilla, fornix and pelvis except the medial epithelium of the fornix in the hibernating cycle. The microvillar cells were more numerous in the hibernating phase than in the active phase. The morphology, of the renal papilla and fornix of bats, indicates that a functional relationship may exist between the pelvic urine and the renal parenchyme.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.186-189
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• 2005

초음파 히스토그램의 내부 장기에 대한 임상적용을 알아보기 위하여 다주파수 탐촉자의 초음파기기를 이용하여 실험하였다. 9마리의 정상 비글견을 우측전복부의 간과 우측신장, 좌측전복부의 간, 비장과 신장를 검사하였다. 같은 깊이의 B-모드 영상으로 간, 신장의 피질, 비장, 그리고 각 신장의 피질과 수질의 수치를 비교하였다. 우측신장피질의 메아리발생치는 간에 비하여 유의적으로 $15{\%}$ 낮았다. 비장의 메아리발생치는 좌측신장피질보다 $23{\%}$ 높았으며, 간은 좌측 신장피질보다 $30{\%}$ 높았다. 각 신장의 피질과 수질의 비교에서는 피질이 우측과 좌측에서 각각 $47{\%}$와 $65{\%}$ 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 우측신장피질과 간실질간의 메아리발생치 비율은 $0.86{\pm}0.11$, 비장과 좌측신장간에는 $1.37{\pm}0.47$, 간실질과 좌측신장피질간에는 $1.30{\pm}0.19$이었으며, 이들 모두다 유의적인 차이가 있었다(p<0.05). 초음파 히스토그램은 간, 비장, 신장 같은 내장장기의 구조물의 초음파적 평가에서 정량적으로 평가하기에 단순하고 유용하고 실질적이다.