• Korean System Dynamics Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.37-59
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• 2014

This paper is to study dynamics of populations of religions. As human population is a crucial source of social dynamics, the religious population is a driving force that changes political and cultural landscape of society. Although many christian scholars have reported important causal factors in changing population of christian world, there are few studies on the dynamics of religious population in system dynamics. This paper interprets these dynamic mechanisms in terms of feedback loops and constructs a basic system dynamic model to forecast future trend of religious population in Korean society.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.95-131
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• 2012

This study compares the two biggest Islamic organizations in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama(NU) and Muhammadiyah. As previous studies focus on their theological and ideological aspects, this study tries to analyze not only their religious orientation but also position of religious leaders, organizational structure, leadership system, routine activities and susceptibility to new religious change. The second part of this paper deals with religious and socio-political backgrounds under which the two organizations were established and with differences in the ways of interpreting Islamic teachings. This will provide the basis for understanding the dynamics of their later development. The third part explores religious authority supported by both. For this, perspectives on established religious schools, rational interpretation of the Scriptures, mystical practices and hereditary succession of religious leadership are to be analyzed. In addition, the ways different attitudes towards religious authority have impacted on organizational structure are to be examined. The topic of the fourth part is leadership composition, and blood and teacher-student relationships among chairpersons are to be analyzed. The last part deals with how different orientations of the two have impacted on their activities and especially on the ways of accommodating new religious ideas. For this, the ways 'liberal Islamic thought' has been introduced, accommodated and negotiated in each organization are to be compared with. With these discussions, it is expected that religious orientations, organizational structure, leadership system and organizational flexibility of the two can be understood. This analysis can help to have a glimpse on Islamic development in Indonesia and of socio-cultural and political influences the two have exerted on Indonesian society.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.18
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• pp.1-24
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• 2004

This paper is to inquiry into the conceptual model of religious education in school curriculum focused on 7th revised curriculum, subject matter and teacher training system. We have to consider the related variables for the operation of school curriculum: student, school, teacher. In school curricula of Korea, religious education can be practiced as a elective course of subject, discretion activity and special activity, latent curriculum etc. And also it should be considered student's right of option and autonomy of private school, because at least those are the important variables effect upon the religious education in school curriculum. Now I'd like to abstract results of this paper as followed. First, it should be considered student's right of option for religious education in private school curriculum. But at this case, also under the name of education it should be justified precondition of purpose, content, approach method. If not, it easy to access to pejorative meaning as a religious indoctrination. Second, in case of conflict between student and school, I think that a proper method is to adjust the related variables. Third, if the purpose of religious education in school based on religiosity, it can be cover the understanding of religious culture, affectionate domain of religiosity, behavioral religiosity. Finally, in order to accomplish such an conceptual model of religious education in school, it should be set a condition for teacher training system, subject matter etc.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.23-37
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• 2002

Buddhist Architecture should be set for worship and an ascetic life, which is its main function as it is a religious facility and its space and form can be considered as means to achieve efficiently a religious function. Every religion concludes its religious function through its ideas and form of faith based on scriptures and religious precepts. The thing should be paid attention to from this point of view is how Buddhist doctrines are reflected on the architecture and the background recognition about the fundamental doctrines and religious system should be preceded to clarify it. Existing researches have studied the characteristics of Buddhist temples on the point of functional view and architectural spacial view through phenomenal ways. Though fruitful results bore about the Korean space through that way, more internal viewpoint is required to clarify the fundamental regularities and spatial concepts indwelling in temple architecture. Considering what structural elements were required to compose one space in traditional Korean architecture is the fundamental subject and important. This thesis searches architectural characteristics through inquiring about the main building and annexes and understanding symbolic characteristics about the arrangement of the Buddhist statue and solemn things in the Buddhist temples of tangible cultural assets or above located in Seoul area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.677-688
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to find out the symbolism of religious costume which has showed the religious belief system through costume practice and culture. Indian Religious costume each has its own mark was investigated in this study. In India, religion is a way of life. It is an integral part of the entire Indian tradition. The results were as follows; India's several main religions are Hinduism(About 80% of population) , Islam (About 11% of population) , Sikhism(less than 2% of population) , Jainism(less than 1% of population) , Buddhism(less than 1% of population) and Christianity(About 3% of population but excluding here) Religious faith system which symbolized Godhood, spiritualty, ascetics, restraint, chastity, sacred and dignity gave a certain shape to each color, ornaments, dressing and marking of religion costume. In connection with religion costumes, there were Hindu's Tika, sacred ash, long hair, knot and holy band (Yajnopavita) , Buddhist's kayysa and tonsures, Jams' no covering, Muslim's chador and skullcap, Sikh's turban (with no cutting hair) , comb, steel bracelet, drawers, sword or dagger. The characteristics, head especially of thebody and white in the colors were made much account for India religion costume. Traditional costume seems to be worn at the present times in India. But apparently these costume associated with religion costume because of Hindu more than 80% of population.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.22
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• pp.471-507
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• 2014

Edification in Daesoonjinrihoe is not only a phenomenon that occurs following the differences of religious experience or spiritual development among the community members, which enables the members to share teaching and learning experiences with one another, but also an issue determined as one of the major activities of the religious order and a plan for achieving the purpose of the religious order-Podeokchenha(Wordly Propagation), Gujechansaeng (Salvation of all mankind) and Jisangcheonguk Geonseol(Building of earthly paradise). The purpose of this article is to clarify its concept and provide an example of edification, through considering the historical model for edification to help the cultivators with their work of edification. The archetype of edification of Daesoonjinrihoe was formed and gradually developed in phases by Sangje, Kang Jeungsan, the Supreme God(姜甑山, 1871-1909), Doju, Jo Jeongsan(趙鼎山, 1895-1958) and Dojeon, Park Wudang(朴牛堂, 1917-1995), by the three of whom the Religious Authority was succeeded. Sangje descended to the human world and preached to people to live by the rule of Haewon Sangsaeng(Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficences of all life) and set an example of abolishing the old customs, living in mutual beneficences and having respect for human being. Doju, in revering the last will of Sangje, established the religious order by setting its creed, rituals and activities, which formed most contents of the archetype of edification. Dojeon set up a religious faith system by firmly establishing the Religious Authority and performed the True Law in accordance with Sangje's program of heaven to educate the cultivators to achieve the goal of self-cultivation following the last will of Doju. Through this, a perfect method to reach the state of Dotong(The Truly Unified State of Dao) is fulfilled. In this way, the archetype of edification was formed in the process of succession of Religious Authority. In conclusion, edification in Daesoonjinrihoe contributes to a 'systematic conveyance and understanding' through the historical archetype of edification, and it can be described as a concept that becomes a model to put into practice the 'True Law' of teachings given by two Sangjes for Dotong. Therefore, edification of Daesoonjinrihoe is drawing attention of its development as an important activity that realizes the ultimate value of the religious order because it solves the problems of immorality(absence of Dao), disorder and disregard of human value generated from the other side of this material civilization, with the truth of Haewon Sangsaeng, and has a function of rebuilding and leading the individuals and the society to the Truly Unified State of Dao through performing of the True Law.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.363-376
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• 2012

In Korea, religious bodies are being given tax benefits like tax exemption and reduction in accordance with the Local Tax Law. By the way, there's no difference between tax benefits given to religious bodies and other kinds of non-profit corporations. In other words, tax exemption and reduction for religious bodies are being made without considering the very nature of the bodies. This is causing lots of problems. Currently, tax supports to religious bodies are mostly focusing on tax items related to their property, considerably diverting from the ultimate purpose and objectives of tax exemption and reduction for religious organizations. This is not also weakening local finance, but also diverting from the basic intent of so-called the induction system that if necessary, tax supports are given, but they have to be minimized. To solve these problems, comprehensive actions need to be taken, for example, reducing tax benefits given to religious bodies' property and motivating the bodies to make a variety of donations like in developed countries. Now, religious bodies should change their consciousness of tax liability that is imposed by the Local Tax Law. And the government should be more systematic in the collection and management of data that are necessary to levy taxes on religious bodies. If required, the government show the data to religious bodies, convincing them to positively fulfil their tax liability without complaint. This study discusses the current state and problems of existing local tax systems in relation to religious bodies and then propose how to improve the systems. If the systems of tax exemption and reduction for religious bodies under the Local Tax Law can be improved, it would contribute to improve the finance of local autonomous bodies.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.776-787
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• 2014

When a urban religious cluster is transformed into a religious cultural town, it will help restore the urban community spirit and boost the social, cultural competence of a city. It can be achieved through the desirable values associated with love, service, reconciliation, and communication of each religion combined together. Also, it can facilitate urban regeneration and local revitalization. This study has established measures to stimulate Mokseong-dong in Andong City, an area with lots of religious, cultural facilities, by transforming it into a religious cultural town. The purpose is to play a key role in leading the regional education and culture and stimulating the area. To establish an identity of the religious, cultural town with multiple religions, a development concept was created under the theme of reconciliation, communication, and service. Specifically, a measure to reorganize the area into a space for reconciliation, communication, and service was created with an operation and stimulation program, focusing on the religious facilities. In addition, in order to transform the religious town into a hub of urban regeneration, measures to achieve the following were created: growing together with the surrounding area; establishing a cooperation system involving local residents; establishing an administrative, financial support system. If the religious, cultural town is revitalized, it can boost the quality of local residents and stimulate the local economy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.873-887
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• 2010

Yuan Shi Kai, the first President of the Republic of China, established a ceremonial uniform system based on ancient styles in 1914 just before the national polity was changed to the Empire of China in 1915. This system is Jisiguanfuzhi (a system on costumes for memorial services), and figures included in the system are Jisiguanfutu (figures showing costumes for memorial services). This study is the first to examine Jisiguanfuzhi and Jisiguanfutu and to approach the background idea of the establishment of the system with a focus on the meaning of 'unity.' Jisiguanfuzhi regulates the ceremonial uniform system of all classes from the President along with the 1st-class to the 5th-class people. The uniform consists of a crown, robe, belt, the mid-section cloth, and boots. In addition, the uniforms of ritual musicians and dancers are included. The basic principles in establishing the system were the restoration of ancient systems, the adoption of convenience, the acceptance of current practices, and the implication of symbolism. Jisiguanfuzhi clarifies that the pattern of the ceremonial uniforms was modeled on Juebianfu, for religious services. The reason for choosing Juebianfu for religious services was to achieve 'unity' and Juebianfu was associated with 'unity' because it was common to all, from the emperor to the gentlemen class, in ancient times. Yuan Shi Kai tried to show flexibility to the gentlemen class who represented the intellectuals at that time by adopting Juebianfu for religious services, fearing that the gentlemen class might oppose the attempt to restore the imperial system. Therefore, although Jisiguanfuzhi adopted mostly Mianfu and royal sacrificial robes, it also emphasized 'unity' by professing that the uniforms were based on Juebianfu for religious services.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.37-42
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• 2022

Communication as a process of interpreting signs has always existed in people's life. In post-information society, the communication between a person and a technological system through the specific sign-attaching process becomes widespread. Moreover, it somehow replaces usual communication between people. One of the means of communication in the digital space are video games. They not only play an important role in communication processes, but also are a special case of sign-creating and interpreting. The purpose of the article is to examine video games as a space of sign-based communication between a person and a game as a specific digital system. With the help of general scientific and hermeneutic methodology, the analysis of video games as a post-information society phenomenon which people communicate to has been conducted. The process of semiosis as attaching special meanings to signs has been traced in both manipulating in-game objects and characters and understanding rules of an in-game world.