• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-21
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• 2002

Object The effect of Banhasasim-tang extracts on the hepatic, splenic toxicity and induced by Doxorubicin administration(Three injection protocol) were monitored using male ICR mice. Method The changes of body weigh, organ weights of liver and spleen were observed with blood GOT and GPT level. Results 1. Increase of absolute and relative liver weight observed in Doxorubicin treatment group were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. In addition, the degrees of liver congestion and necrotic spot were significantly and dose-dependently decreased after Banhasasim-tang extracts dosing groups compared to that of Doxorubicin treatment group. It is also demonstrated that elevated serum GOT and GPT levels in Doxorubicin treatment group were significantly decreased in Banhasasim-tang extracts dosing groups. 2. Decrease of absolute and relative spleen weight observed in Doxorubicin treatment group were dose dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. In addition, the degrees of splenic atrophy were significantly and dose-dependently decreased after Banhasasim-tang extracts dosing groups compared to that of Doxorubicin treatment group.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to obtain scientific information regarding classification and health hazards that may result from a 13 weeks inhalation exposure of isoprene in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The testing method was conducted in accordance with OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals No. 413. The Rats were divided into 4 groups (10 male and 10 female rats in each group) and exposed to 0, 360, 1,620, 7,300 ppm isoprene in each exposure chamber for 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 13 weeks. As a result, there were no mortality or abnormality during the period of study and did not show any significant changes of body weight. There were no dose response changes in urinalysis, hematological and serum biochemical value examination. Relative organ weight was increased significantly the right kidney in 7,300 ppm group of male rats. In female rats, relative organ weight of the left kidney and the both lungs in 1,620 ppm group and the left lung and the both kidneys in 7,300 ppm group were increased significantly. But the histopathological findings did not reveal any exposure-related changes. According to the above results, the no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of isoprene was 7,300 ppm (20.3 mg/L) in both male and female rats. In conclusion, Isoprene was not classified specific target organ toxicity of the 'Standard for Classification and Labeling of Chemical Substance and Material Safety Data Sheet' (Ministry of Employment and Labor, 2009).

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.131-142
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• 2002

The effect of Banhasasim-tang extracts on the cardiac toxicity and general symptom induced by Doxorubicin administration(Three injection protocol) were monitored using male ICR mice. The changes of body weight, clinical signs, necropsy findings and organ weights of heart were observed. The results were as followed. 1. Decrease of body weight after Doxorubicin treatment were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. 2. The degrees of anorexia, ataxia and dehydration that were observed in Doxorubicin treatment group were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. 3. Increase of absolute and relative heart weight observed in Doxorubicin treatment group were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. In addition. the degrees of heart congestion and enlargement were significantly and dose-dependently decreased after Banhasasim-tang extracts dosing groups compared to that of Doxorubicin treatment group. In conclusion, the toxicity of Doxorubicin treatment(decrease of body weights, clinical signs such as anorexia, ataxia and dehydration, changes of organ weights of heart) was inhibited and/or prevented by Banhasasim-tang extracts. According to these results. it is considered that Banhasasim-tang has some preventive effect against to toxicity induced by Doxorubicin.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.32-51
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• 2005

Objectives: To study the effect of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba extracts, that have been used as oriental medicine to treat liver disease, on the perinatal and lactational n;)productive toxicity of SD rats when administered by oral lavage. Methods: Female SD rats were dosed from 6 days of gestation to 3 weeks postpartum. This was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the KFDA Guidelines for Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medicinal Products. Results: No Artemisiae Capillaris Herba extracts treatment-related changes in clinical signs, mortalities, implantation number, dead fetus number, loss rate of fetus, number of live young, survival rate of fetus, sex ratio of live young, external anomalies, pregnancy periods, viability index, lactational index, survival rate of litters at 4 days after birth or delivery index were demonstrated in any dosed levels in this study. However, the body weight and gains, food consumption and absolute organ weights of brain, adrenal glands, liver, spleen, kidney, ovaries and heart were significantly increased in 2000 or 1000mg/kg-dosing groups and the relative organ Weights of adrenal glands were significantly increased in 2,000mg/kg-dosing groups. Therefore, it was concluded that this increase was natural according to growth. Also, no changes of gross findings, clinical signs, mortalities, body weight and gains, physical development results, necropsy findings, organ weight, faculty test, open filed test and water-filled simple T-maze test, copulation, fertility, pregnancy indices, body weight and gains during gestation periods, necropsy findings, corpora lutea number, implantation number, implantation rate, dead fetus number, post-implantation loss rate, live young, post-implantation survival rate, sex ratio of live young, external anomalies and individual body weights of live young were demonstrated in any dosed levels in this study. Conclusions: It is considered that the NOAEL (No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level) for perinatal and lactational reproductive toxicity of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba extracts was up to 2000mg/kg/day because no changes of other perinatal and lactational reproductive indices were demonstrated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.169-181
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to obtain information regarding classification and health hazards that may result from a 13-week inhalation exposure to 2-methylpentane by Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials: The testing method was conducted in accordance with OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals No. 413. The rats were divided into four groups(ten male and ten female rats in each group) and exposed to 0 ppm, 290 ppm, 1,160 ppm, 4,640 ppm 2-Methylpentane in each exposure chamber for six hours per day, five days per week, for 13 weeks. Results: No death or particular clinical presentation including weight change and change of feed rate was observed. The relationships between dose, gender and response were also not significantly changed in urinalysis, hematologic examination, or biochemical examination of blood(except for total cholesterol being up, total protein being up, and chloride ion being down in males), and blood coagulation time. For the relative weight measurement of organs, in the male group the weight change of both kidney and liver were increased in proportion to dose. In histopathological examination, nephropathy in the kidney(cystic change of renal tubules, regenerative tubule, inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis in the interstitial tissue) was increased in a dose-dependent manner in the male group(290 ppm, 1,160 ppm, 4,640 ppm). However, other organs were not affected by the test substance. Conclusions: 2-methylpentane was estimated as a chemical causing nephropathy in the male group. NOAEL(No Observable Adverse Effect Level) in the female group is more than 4,640 ppm, while inthe male group it is less than 290 ppm.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2018

The term Butterfly tea refers to decoction of Mariposa christia vespertilionis leaves which is widely consumed by cancer patients throughout Malaysia and has gained a huge popularity among Malaysians, not only cancer patients but also researchers to discover the real potential of this plant. Herein, the study is aimed at evaluating the possible toxicity in 28-day subacute oral toxicity of ethanolic extract M. christia vespertilionis in male Sprague Dawley rats. The 28-day subacute toxicity study was conducted to detect the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). In this study, a total of 30 rats were divided into the control, 5% DMSO (vehicle), low dose (75 mg/kg), medium dose (125 mg/kg) and high dose (250 mg/kg) groups. The extract was administered daily from day 1 until day 28. At the end of the study, the animals were humanely sacrificed and assessed for the effect extract of Mariposa christia vespertilionis leaves on body weight and relative organ weights and haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters for the assessment of kidney and liver injuries were carried out. Results of haematological and serum biochemistry results showed no changes in the control and treated groups. In the histopathology, evaluation of kidney tissues in all treated groups showed no significant (p > 0.05) lesions. In contrast to kidney, liver tissues showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in lesions observed in low dose (430 mg), medium dose (700 mg) and high dose (1480 mg) groups with very mild, mild and mild to moderate lesion of hepatic necrosis, in the respective groups, and very mild hepatic degeneration and hepatitis were scored in all three groups.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.3 s.60
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• pp.166-171
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• 1984

The present studies were conducted to investigate the relative toxicity of several insecticides to the rice insect pests and the predatious spider, Pirate subpiraticus. In laboratory test by topical application, BPMC and MIPC for the plant and leafhoppers were toxic to Nilaparvata lugens, but less toxic to Pirata subpiraticus. Other carbamate insecticides such as carbaryl, carbofuran, and MTMC showed highly toxic effect on P. subpiraticus as well as N. lugens. No organophosphates showed selective toxicity to P. subpiraticus. Thiocyclam, effective to Chilo suppressalis and Sesamia inferens, had highly good selective toxicity to P. subpiraticus. In case of insecticides for Nephotettix cincticeps, BPMC only had a little selective toxicity between N. cincticeps and P. subpiraticus. Organophosphate insecticides which had been reported to induce chemical resistance to N. cincticeps showed high $LD_{50}$ value to N. cincticeps. In pot trials, dust formulation was more toxic to P. subpiraticus than emulsifiable concentrate. It was more toxic to P. subpiraticus to increase number. of insecticide application.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.198-205
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• 2001

Many reactive dyes have been used in occupational settings without knowing their toxicity and health hazard information. To investigate the toxicity of reactive dye, C.I.No. Reactive Red 195 was exposed to male and female Sprague Dawley rats by inhalation for 28 days. The rats were exposed C.I.No. Reactive Red 195 for 6 hrs per day and 5days per week. The concentrations for the inhalation exposure were 0, 10, 40 and $160mg/m^3$. After 4 weeks of exposure, rats were examined for exposure related changes through pathology, blood biochemistry and hematology. There were no dose related changes including clinical signs, body weight and relative organ weight changes, hematological and biochemical and histopathological findings. The results indicate that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 28 days inhalatrion toxicity test for C.I.No. Reactive Red 195 was $160mg/m^3$.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2022

Smilax sieboldii is one of the Smilax species. A number of Smilax plants have long been used in traditional medicine in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. Repeated dose oral toxicity test is an essential experiment for toxicity evaluation before efficacy evaluation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate toxicity and the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) using oral administration of Smilax sieboldii extract (SSE) in male and female ICR mice for 4 weeks. SSE was orally administered daily for 4 weeks at a dose of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg/day (MPK). There were no significant differences in mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, food intake, hematological analysis, serum clinical chemistry test and relative organ weights in all animals administrated with SSE. The results obtained in this study suggest that SSE did not show any toxic effect in ICR mice and the NOAEL of SSE was regarded as over 2000 MPK.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.23 no.2 s.58
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• pp.98-105
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• 2005

The relative sensitivity of two freshwater non- biting midges, Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin and Sublette and C. riparius Meigan, was examined for lead, cadmium, and mercury in water- only exposures. Two endpoints were compared to assess toxicity 48 h and 96 h after exposure: Acute toxicity ($50\%$ lethal concentration: $LC_50$) and behavioral toxicity ($50\%$ effective concentration: $EC_{50}$). for the behavioral toxicity, reduction of swimming performance of two midge species in the treated conditions was compared to that in the untreated control. The sensitivities differed depending on the species and heavy metals, although some trends emerged. $LC_50$ values in C. yoshimatsui to cadmium and lead were always higher than those in C. riparius with increasing toxicity, regardless of the exposure times. The opposit was true for the mercury treatment. Similar trends were observed in the $EC_{50}$ values. The $EC_{50}$ values were always lower than the $LC_50$ values in all the treatment cases (midge species, heavy metals, and exposure times). These results indicate that the two midge species respond to the heavy metals differently: C. riparius is sensive to cadmium and lead and C. yoshimatsui to mercury. Behavioral toxicity such as swimming performance can be an effective endpoint for assessing heavy metal toxicity in water.