• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.67-80
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• 1993

Recently, a large number of new screen-film systems have become available for use in diagnostic radiology. These new screens are made of materials generally known as rare-earth phosphors which have high x-ray absorption and high x-ray to light conversion efficiency compared to calcium tungstate phosphors. The major advantage of these new systesms is reduction of patient exposure due to their high speed or high sensitivity. However, a system with excessively high speed can result in a significant degradation of radiographic image quality. Therefore, th speed is important parameters for users of these system. Our aim of in this was to determine accurately and precisely the absolute speed and relative speeds of both new and conventional screen-film system. We determined the absolute speed in condition of BRH phantom beam qulity and the relative speed were measured by a split-screen technique in condition of BRH and ANSI phantom beam qulity. The absolute and the relative speed were determined for 8 kinds of screen-4 kinds of film in regular system and 7 kinds of screen-7 kinds of film in ortho system. In this study we could know the New Rx, T-MAT G has the highest film speed, also know Green system's stndard deviation of relative speed larger than blue system. It was realized that there were no relationship between the absolute speed and the blue system. It was realized that there were no relationship between the absolute speed and the relative speed in ortho or regular system.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.49-62
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• 2018

This study tries to reveal uplift rates inferred from relative and absolute ages on coastal terrace in the West and South Coasts of South Korea. Uplift rate from relative ages on Pleistocene coastal terrace in the West Coast rangesfrom approximately 0.059 to 0.282 m/ky, while a range of approximately 0.020~0.385 m/ky is calculated from the South Coast, suggesting that the South Coast shows higher rate than the West Coast. Based on absolute ages on coastal terrace during MIS 5 in the South Coast, on the other hand, the uplift rates 1 and 4 have ranges of approximately 0.042~0.062 m/ky and 0.051~0.087 m/ky, respectively, indicating that uplift rate in the South Coast is one-third to one-fourth to that in the East Coast. No research on absolute ages in West Coast terrace and lack of relative and absolute ages in the West and South Coasts are considered as the limit in this study.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2013

신경손상과 관련된 감각이상의 평가 시 정량적 감각 신경검사법 중의 하나인 열역치검사법을 사용하며 환자의 열 자극에 대한 역치 값은 건강한 집단을 대상으로 하여 얻은 정상치 (절대값)와 비교하거나 손상부와 대응되는 비이환측에서 측정한 값 (상대값)과 좌우 비교를 통해 정상여부를 판단한다. 기존의 문헌들을 통해 상대값을 이용한 좌우비교가 집단의 절대값을 이용한 방법보다 감각신경의 이상을 판단하는데 더 효율적이라고 알려져 있지만 구강안면부에서 절대값에 대해 상대값이 갖는 효율성 여부와 그 정도에 대한 연구가 부족하기에 이번 연구를 통해 구강안면부에서 상대값의 타당도를 평가하고 절대값과 효율성을 비교하고자 하였다. 19명의 건강한 성인여성을 대상으로 이마, 뺨, 이부, 하순, 혀의 양측에 정량적 온도역치검사를 시행하여 상대 값과 절대값에 대한 평균과 표준편차를 계산하였다. 연구를 통해 각 구강안면부에서 상대값을 이용한 좌우비교 시 유의한 차이가 없었으며 대부분 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며 절대값을 이용한 방법에 비해 최대 4.6배 작은 표준편차를 보였다. 결론적으로 구강안면부에서 상대값을 이용한 정량적 온도역치검사법은 타당도가 있으며 절대값을 이용한 방법에 비해 감각신경의 이상을 판단하는데 유리하다고 볼 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 1979

In the multiple linear regression model a class of weighted least absolute error estimaters, which minimize the sum of weighted absolute residuals, is proposed. It is shown that the weighted least absolute error estimators with Wilcoxon scores are equivalent to the Koul's Wilcoxon type estimator. Therefore, the asymptotic efficiency of the proposed estimator with Wilcoxon scores relative to the least squares estimator is the same as the Pitman efficiency of the Wilcoxon test relative to the Student's t-test. To find the estimates the iterative weighted least squares method suggested by Schlossmacher is applicable.

• Psychiatry investigation
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• 제15권11호
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• pp.1087-1093
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• 2018

Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is distinct from anxiety disorders in its etiology and clinical symptomatology, and was reclassified into trauma- and stressor-related disorders in DSM-5. This study aimed to find neurophysiological correlates differentiating PTSD from anxiety disorders using resting-state quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Methods Thirty-six patients with either PTSD or acute stress disorder and 79 patients with anxiety disorder were included in the analysis. qEEG data of absolute and relative powers and patients' medication status on the day of qEEG examination were obtained. Electrodes were grouped into frontal, central, and posterior regions to analyze for regional differences. General linear models were utilized to test for group differences in absolute and relative powers while controlling for medications. Results PTSD patients differed from those with anxiety disorders in overall absolute powers [F(5,327)=2.601, p=0.025]. Specifically, overall absolute delta powers [F(1,331)=4.363, p=0.037], and overall relative gamma powers [F(1,331)=3.965, p=0.047] were increased in PTSD group compared to anxiety disorder group. Post hoc analysis regarding brain regions showed that the increase in absolute delta powers were localized to the posterior region [F(1,107)=4.001, p=0.048]. Additionally, frontal absolute gamma powers [F(1,107)=4.138, p=0.044] were increased in PTSD group compared to anxiety disorder group. Conclusion Our study suggests increased overall absolute delta powers and relative gamma powers as potential markers that could differentiate PTSD from anxiety disorders. Moreover, increased frontal absolute gamma and posterior delta powers might pose as novel markers of PTSD, which may reflect its distinct symptomatology.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2021

Purpose: There is still lack of guidance for merchants toward price discount presentations (absolute/relative), especially for consumers in different purchase contexts. Based on the general evaluability theory, this study investigates consumers' preferences for the presentation of discounts in various contexts through experiments. Research design, data and methodology: The relationship between discount presentation and consumers' preference is investigated in Study 1 using a two-factor between-subject design of 2 (purchase type: material vs. experiential) ×2 (discount type: absolute vs. relative). The Moderating effect of thinking mode has been examined in Study 2 via a multi-factor intergroup design of 2 (purchase type: material vs. experiential) ×2 (discount type: absolute vs. relative) ×2 (cognitive load: high vs. low). One-way ANOVA and planned contrast have been performed for analysis. Results: Experiment 1 reveals that consumers prefer absolute discounts rather than relative discounts when in material purchases. However, when in experiential purchases, they are willing to choose relative discounts. Experiment 2 verifies the boundary conditions of matching effect and illustrates the generation of matching effect is determined by thinking mode. Conclusions: Our study enriches the theories of purchase type and thinking mode. Simultaneously, the results provide practical guidance for merchants to formulate the discount presentation and distribution pricing strategies.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.385-396
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• 2006

GPS 안테나 절대 PCV를 이용한 결과가 가지고 있는 지구 축척문제가 GPS 위성 안테나의 PCV 추정을 통해 해결되면서, IGS는 기존에 사용해오던 상대 PCV에서 절대 PCV로의 전환을 준비하고 있다. 이에 따라 전 세계 모든 GPS 고정밀 자료처리는 절대 PCV를 사용하여 수행될 예정이다. 그러므로 향후 국내 GPS 관측망 자료처리의 일관성과 안정성 확보를 위해 기존의 상대 PCV를 이용한 자료처리 결과와 절대 PCV를 적용한 결과를 비교 분석할 필요가 있다. 이 논문에서는 절대 PCV의 사용이 GPS 정밀측위에 미치는 영향을 GPS 망 자료처리를 통해 분석하였다. 기선의 길이와 안테나 레이돔의 영향을 알아보기 위해 1000km이상의 기선을 갖도록 IGS 기준국인 중국의 베이징, 우한과 우리나라의 대전, 수원을 사용하여 GPS 망을 구성하고 자료처리를 수행하였다. 기선의 길이가 1000km 이상인 경우 평균 1.33cm의 수직방향 차이를 보였고, 여기에 레이돔을 고려했을 경우 평균 2.97cm의 차이를 보였다. 절대 PCV적용이 국내 GPS망 자료처리에 미치는 영향을 시험하기 위해 한국천문연구원의 상시관측소 9개 중 데이터 품질이 종은 7개의 관측소에 대해 상대 PCV와 절대 PCV를 각각 적용한 결과를 서로 비교 분석하였다. 수직방향의 차이는 평균 0.12cm로써 국내 지역망에서는 그 효과가 크지 않음을 확인하였다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.362-372
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate whether job satisfaction in clinical nurses was dependent on work intensity and whether physical discomfort mediated the relationships between these variables. Methods: Structural equation modeling was used with a sample of 253 clinical nurses from four general hospitals. In the model, absolute work intensity, relative work intensity, and flexibility were considered as exogenous variables and physical discomfort as a mediating variable. Data were collected using self-report measures such as the Labor Intensity Questionnaire, the Rating of Perceived Exertion, and the Index of Job Satisfaction. Results: The results of the structural equation modeling found that the higher scores on absolute and relative work intensity were positively associated with physical discomfort but only relative work intensity was significantly related to job satisfaction. Physical discomfort mediated the relationships between absolute work intensity and job satisfaction and between relative work intensity and job satisfaction. Among three kinds of work intensity, only relative work intensity had direct and indirect effects on job satisfaction. Conclusion: The findings suggest that increase in relative work intensity might play an important role in decreasing job satisfaction in clinical nurses and a reasonable reward system considering relative work intensity could be necessary.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.67-76
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• 2022

This paper presents two experiments examining different gemination behavior of English affixes. Experiment 1 focused on geminates through affixation with im-, un-, -ness, and -ly. The English group articulated geminates with longer absolute and relative durations than singletons for im-, un-, and -ness, but there was no difference for -ly. This suggests that -ly words are more likely to be perceived as whole words, and that -ly is less decomposable. Furthermore, un- geminates exhibited longer absolute and preceding vowel durations than im- geminates, suggesting that im- is more decomposable than un-. However, the Korean group produced geminates with longer absolute and relative durations than singletons for all im-, un-, -ness, and -ly, and produced comparable absolute durations of im- and un- geminates. Experiment 2 investigated different gemination behaviors of locative and negative im- prefixes. The English group showed durational contrast between geminates and singletons only for negative im-, indicating that locative im- is not easily separated from stem. However, the Korean group produced longer absolute and relative durations for geminates than for singletons for both locative and negative im-. According to the findings of Experiments 1 and 2, affix decomposability is less likely to influence Korean speakers' English affix gemination, and spellings may have a greater influence.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2019

Purpose : The goal of this descriptive research study was to identify the relationship between t relative deprivation, absolute deprivation, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and social support of university students and their show-off behavior on social network services (SNSs), as well as to identify the influencing factors. Methods : The research tools consisted of 8 items for general characteristics, a measure of deprivation (9 items for relative deprivation and 8 items for absolute deprivation), 15 items for show-off behavior on SNSs, 10 items for self-esteem, 25 items for social support, and 20 items for self-efficacy. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 22.0 program for the descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. Results : The results showed relative deprivation (B=.102, t=4.060, p<.001) was the most important factor in show-off behavior on SNSs for university students. Furthermore, social support (B=-.178, t=-3.099, p=.002), absolute deprivation (B=-.175, t=-4.284, p<.001), and self-esteem (B=-.212, t=-2.490, p=.014) accounted for 21.5% of the explanatory power (F=14.215, p<.001). Conclusion : The study findings revealed that relative deprivation is the most important factor in the show-off behavior of university students on SNSs. Social support, absolute deprivation, and self-esteem were also identified as factors that affect their show-off behavior on such services. This study aims to contribute to the effective program progress by providing basic data for the development of the show-off behavior on SNSs intervention and prevention programs to reduce the side effects of various the show-off behaviors on SNSs of university students.