• 영어어문교육
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.131-150
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper is to provide two levels of conceptualization of a category such as an absolute category in semantic level and a relative category in pragmatic level on the basis of Aristotelian category theory and prototype category theory. I do not intend to criticize classical category theory and prototype category theory but to show that these two types of category are applied to the different world. Aristotelian categorization is an absolute category because it is based on the possible world called the meta-world and it has an absolute truth value. The members of an absolute category is presented as a set. There is a clear boundary between members and non-members because they are distinguished by the absolute criteria An absolute category is semantic conceptualization. This absolute category is changed into a relative category when it is applied in the real world. A relative category which corresponds to a prototype category is based on the real world called the object world and it has a relative truth value. Here individuals are categorized by the cognition and perception of human beings. A relative category is pragmatic conceptualization. In conclusion, while classical categories which are called absolute categories represent sentence meaning, prototype categories which are called relative categories represent utterance meaning.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.167-172
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• 2023

In this study, the absolute and relative strength of six upper extremity resistance exercises were measured by classifying resistance exercise experts and non-experts. As a result, the skilled group showed higher absolute and relative muscle strength than the unskilled group in the 6 upper extremity resistance exercises. These results are judged to be the hypertrophy of fast-twith muscles, the mobilization of motor units, and the increase in the speed of nerve conduction while the skilled person consistently performs resistance exercise. Experts use intermuscular coordination efficiently to stably perform the load according to the movement and exercise intensity performed during exercise, whereas the inexperienced person uses relatively large muscle groups rather than efficiently using intermuscular coordination. It is considered that exercise motion and load were performed by mobilizing. In addition, as a result of comparing the absolute and relative muscle strength between the 6 types of upper limb resistance exercises, there was a difference between the 6 types of upper limb resistance exercises in the two groups. It can be judged that greater muscle strength and endurance were created through liver coordination.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2017

Verification of dose distribution is an essential part of ensuring the treatment planning system's (TPS) calculated dose will achieve the desired outcome in radiation therapy. Each measurement have uncertainty associated with it. It is desirable to reduce the measurement uncertainty. A best approach is to reduce the uncertainty associated with each step of the process to keep the total uncertainty under acceptable limits. Point dose patient specific quality assurance (QA) is recommended by American Association of Medical Physicists (AAPM) and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) for all the complex radiation therapy treatment techniques. Relative and absolute point dose measurement methods are used to verify the TPS computed dose. Relative and absolute point dose measurement techniques have a number of steps to measure the point dose which includes chamber cross calibration, electrometer reading, chamber calibration coefficient, beam quality correction factor, reference conditions, influences quantities, machine stability, nominal calibration factor (for relative method) and absolute dose calibration of machine. Keeping these parameters in mind, the estimated relative percentage uncertainty associated with the absolute point dose measurement is 2.1% (k=1). On the other hand, the relative percentage uncertainty associated with the relative point dose verification method is estimated to 1.0% (k=1). To compare both point dose measurement methods, 13 head and neck (H&N) IMRT patients were selected. A point dose for each patient was measured with both methods. The average percentage difference between TPS computed dose and measured absolute relative point dose was 1.4% and 1% respectively. The results of this comparative study show that while choosing the relative or absolute point dose measurement technique, both techniques can produce similar results for H&N IMRT treatment plans. There is no statistically significant difference between both point dose verification methods based upon the t-test for comparing two means.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.59-74
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• 2009

Relative navigation system is presented using GPS measurements from a single-channel global positioning system (GPS) simulator. The objective of this study is to provide the real-time inter-satellite relative positions as well as absolute positions for two formation flying satellites in low earth orbit. To improve the navigation performance, the absolute states are estimated using ion-free GRAPHIC (group and phase ionospheric correction) pseudo-ranges and the relative states are determined using double differential carrier-phase data and singled-differential C/A code data based on the extended Kalman filter and the unscented Kalman filter. Furthermore, pseudo-relative dynamic model and modified relative measurement model are developed. This modified EKF method prevents non-linearity of the measurement model from degrading precision by applying linearization about absolute navigation solutions not about the priori estimates. The LAMBDA method also has been used to improve the relative navigation performance by fixing ambiguities to integers for precise relative navigation. The software-based simulation has been performed and the steady state accuracies of 1 m and 6 mm ($1{\sigma}$ of 3-dimensional difference errors) are achieved for the absolute and relative navigation using EKF for a short baseline leader/follower formation. In addition, the navigation performances are compared for the EKF and the UKF for 10 hours simulation, and relative position errors are mm-level for the two filters showing the similar trends.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 2008년도 한국우주과학회보 제17권2호
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• pp.34.3-34.3
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• 2008

Relative navigation system is presented using measurements from a single-channel global positioning system (GPS) simulator. The objective of this study is to provide real-time relative navigation results as well as absolute navigation results for two formation flying satellites separated about 1km in low earth orbit. To improve the performance, more accurate dynamic model and modified relative measurement model are developed. This modified method prevents non-linearity of the measurement model from degrading precision by applying linearization about the states from absolute navigation algorithm not about a priori states. Furthermore, absolute states are obtained using ion-free GRAPHIC pseudo-ranges and precise relative states are provided using double differential carrier-phase data based on Extended Kalman Filter. The software-based simulation is performed and achieved meter-level precision for absolute navigation and millimeter-level precision for relative navigation. The absolute and relative accuracies at steady state are about 0.77m and 4mm respectively (3D, r.m.s.). In addition, Integer ambiguity algorithm (LAMBDA method) improves simulation performances.

• 무역학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.337-354
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• 2021

Several previous studies have not been able to derive consistent research results on the impact of the level of corruption in local countries on foreign direct investment. Therefore, in order to suggest that this study should consider the relative level of corruption rather than the level of absolute corruption, 1) first, examine the moderating effect of the absolute level of corruption on the determinants of foreign direct investment, and 2) examine the moderating effect of the relative corruption on the determinants of foreign direct investment. This study collected 9-year data from 2012 to 2020 based on the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) published by Transparency International. A total of 549 observations (country-year) from 82 countries were sampled and a generalized estimation equation (GEE) analysis was performed. As a result of empirical analysis, it was found that the moderating effect of absolute corruption did not appear, whereas the moderating effect of relative corruption reversed the negative (-) relationship between cultural distance and foreign direct investment into a positive (+) relationship. Based on these empirical results, this study suggest that Korean companies need to consider the relative level of corruption with Korea instead of the absolute level of corruption of the investee when conducting foreign direct investment.

• 전자공학회논문지S
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• 제35S권2호
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• pp.146-156
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• 1998

Thispapr proposes hybrid navigation parameter estimation using sequential aerial images. The proposed navigation parameter estimation system is composed of two parts: relative position estimation and absolute position estimation. the relative position estimation recursively computes the current velocity and absolute position estimation. The relative position estimation recursively computes the current velocity and position of an aircraft by accumulating navigation parameters extracted from two succesive aerial images. Simple accumulation of parameter values decreases reliability of the extracted parameters as an aircraft goes on navigating. therefore absolute position estimation is required to compensate for position error generated in the relative position step. The absolute position estimation algorithm combining image matching and digital elevation model(DEM) matching is presented. Computer simulation with real aerial image sequences shows the efficiency of the proposed hybrial algorithm.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.489-508
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• 2013

Design spectra for damping ratios higher than 5% have several important applications in the design of earthquake-resistant structures. These highly damped spectra are usually derived from a 5%-damped reference pseudo-acceleration spectrum by using a damping modification factor. In cases of high damping, the absolute acceleration and the relative velocity spectra instead of the pseudo-acceleration and the pseudo-velocity spectra should be used. This paper elaborates on the recovery of spectral absolute acceleration and spectral relative velocity from their pseudo-spectral counterparts. This is accomplished with the aid of correction factors obtained through extensive parametric studies, which come out to be functions of period and damping ratio.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

This paper addresses the derivation of 6-DOF equation of Tanker and Receiver's aircraft for aerial refueling. The new set of nonlinear equations are derived in terms of the relative translational and rotational motion of receiver aircraft respect to the tanker aircraft body frame. Further the wind effect terms due to the tanker's turbulence are included. The derivation of absolute dynamic equation for tanker aircraft written in the inertial frame is calculated from the relative dynamics equations of receiver. The derived relative and absolute equations are implemented the simulation in the same flight conditions to verify the relative motion and compare the trim results by using the MATLAB/SIMULINK program.

• 한국실천공학교육학회논문지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2012

대학에서 일반적으로 학습결과를 평가하는 방식에는 크게 두 가지가 있는데 상대평가와 절대평가이다. 최근 우리나라 대학의 문제점은 절대평가에 의한 학점 인플레 현상이 매우 심각하게 나타나고 있다. 절대평가의 이러한 단점과 비교해 봤을 때 상대평가의 가장 유용한 장점은 학습 성취에 대한 개인차의 변별이 가능하다는 점이다. 하지만 상대평가의 단점은 과다한 경쟁 심리가 조장됨에 있다. 본 논문에서는 상대평가에서 협동학습이 학습결과에 미치는 영향에 대해서 설문조사를 바탕으로 분석해 보았다. 상대평가에서 협동학습을 실시한 학생들의 학습결과를 3개의 집단(A그룹 : 학습결과가 A학점 이상, B그룹 : 학습결과가 A학점 미만 B학점 이상, C그룹 : B미만)으로 나누어서 그 결과를 분석 조사하고, 추후 필요한 연구에 대해서도 제시하였다.