• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 2010

To study the relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen in mountain streams, and anthropologic and natural factors, the water chemistry of the mountain streams in the entire Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, were investigated. A thousand mountain streams were investigated between 1998 and 2001. The concentrations of nitrate nitrogen ranged from 2.92 to 0.1 mg/L, with an arithmetic mean value of 0.45 mg/L. A number of streams showing more than 1.0 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen accounted for 8% of the mountain streams investigated. These results indicated that the concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in the mountain streams were low in the entire Hyogo Prefecture. In general, the mountain stream water in Hyogo Prefecture appears to not have been affected by wet and dry deposition originating from anthropologic sources in mountain streams and Japan. On the other hand, sites with more than 0.8 mg/L nitrate nitrogen were distributed over the entire Hyogo Prefecture, which were classified into five groups. Each group showed unique geographical, geological and anthropological characteristics. No common characteristic among five groups were discover. These results suggest that the cause of high concentrations of nitrogen in mountain streams is not from a uniform set of conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.503-512
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• 1995

The present paper describes partial results of the study on the activities of microbes in the soil of Quercus mongolica forest from July, 1994 to April, 1995. To determine the relationship between structure and function of soil microbial ecosystem, the author investigated the seasonal change of physical environmental factors, microbial population and soil enzyme activities. The changes of pH was not significant and the temperature of surface soil was 2℃ higher than lower soil through out the year. Moisture contents (％) of soil samples ranged from 7.64％ to 42.11％. However, soils of site 3 at Mt. Komdan in which vegetation is successional have higher moisture content than the others. The bacterial population increased in summer, but continuously decreased in autumn and winter, and then reincreased again in spring. Bacterial population of surface soil was higher than those of 30 cm depth all the year round. Dehydrogenase activity (DHA) was about two-fold higher throughout in surface soil compared to those of lower soil. And the correlation coefficient between DHA and bacterial population size was 0,713, It was suggested that DHA could be used as a primary index of soil microbial population and activity in soil ecosystem.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.869-881
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• 2022

In this study, a field study was conducted to investigate the relationship between high-resolution remote images and the volumetric moisture, and the number of compaction. Changes in the shape of the surface and soil moisture content were observed and correlated with the number of compactions using roller equipment. As the compaction is repeated, the surface is flattened and the terrain curvature decreases and converges to zero. In particular, the tangential curvature changes as the number of compactions increase. Due to soil compaction, the vegetation index changed from a positive to a negative value, and most of the test site area was homogenized with a negative index. This suggests a decrease in porosity and an increase in volumetric water content associated with increasing soil compaction. Soil moisture, measured using a frequency domain reflectometry(FDR) sensor, tends to increase proportionately with the number of vibration compactions, but the correlation between the number of compactions and soil moisture is unclear. This study suggests that while it is necessary to consider the reproducibility of the experiments performed, the compaction quality of the soil can be evaluated using high-resolution terrain factors and soil moisture.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.177-191
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• 2015

The effect of environmental variables on the presence and abundance of tree species in a tropical lowland undisturbed limestone and non-limestone forest in Ben En National Park, Vietnam was investigated. The relationships between 13 environmental variables and 29 tree species with a DBH ${\geq}10cm$, as well as between six 6 physical variables with 26 species of seedling and sapling communities were assessed by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Data concerning all tree species ${\geq}10cm$ DBH were collected from eighteen $400m^2$ sample plots, while the abundance of regeneration (all individuals ${\leq}5cm$ DBH) was counted in fifty $2{\times}20m$ strip-plots. The significance of species-environments correlations were tested by distribution-free Monte Carlo tests. The CCA of the 29 examined tree species and 13 environmental variables indicated that the presence and abundance of the tree species were closely related to topographic factors. We may confirm that soil properties including pH, soil moisture content, and soil textures, were the most crucial factor in tree species composition and their distribution. Several species including Pometia pinnata, Amesiodendron chinense, Gironniera cuspidate, Cinnamomum mairei, and Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis were not controlled by soil properties and topographic variables. The CCA also indicated that the abundance of regeneration tree species at all sites had positive and significant correlations with soil depth, while the occurrence of several other tree species (such as Koilodepas longifolium and Aglaia dasyclada) was positively correlated with a higher slope and rocky outcrop.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.405-413
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• 2015

We classified the streamside plant community by phyto-sociological method and analyzed the relationship between environment factors and vegetation structure by using the classification and ordination method. We found that twenty one plant communities were classified according to dominant species at the natural streamside valley forest with surveying the 65 quadrats (10 m × 10 m). From the survey results, the hardwood plant communities were classified as streamside valley forest and the softwood plant communities as riparian forest according to the degree of flooding. The valley forest had a distribution of 17 plant communities which was 65% (42 quadrats) of 65 quadrats: Maackia amurensis community, Betula davurica community, Quercus variabilis community, Pinus densiflora community, Q. serrata community, Prunus sargentii community, and Meliosma oldhamii community etc. The riparian forest had a distribution of four plant communities which was 35% (23 quadrats) of 65 quadrats: Salix koreensis community, S. rorida community, S. purpurea var. japonica community, and S. glandulosa community, etc. From the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) analysis, we found indicator species Oplismenus undulatifolius and Lindera obtusiloba for the streamside valley forest and Humulus japonicus, Phragmites japonica, and S. koreensis for the riparian forest. From the results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), coordinates, altitude, and stream structure showed low correlation to the distribution of the plant community. Therefore, it seemed that valley forest and riparian forest were distinguished by the stream gradient and waterway width which determined by the stream water level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.103-119
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• 2016

This study aims to assess habitat feature on the large-scale spawning ground of the Boreal Digging Frog Kaloula borealis in Daemyung retarding basin of Daegu, and to analyze the relationships between species abundance and meteorological factors for each habitat. Fifty-seven(57) pitfalls were installed to collect species abundance of 4 survey regions, and high-resolution satellite image, soil sampling equipment, digital topographic map, and GPS were used to develop habitat features such as terrain, soil, vegetation, human disturbance. The analysis shows that the frog is most abundant in sloped region with densely herbaceous cover in southern part of the retarding basin. In the breeding season, lowland regions, where Phragmites communis and P. japonica dominant wetlands and temporary ponds distributed, are heavily concentrated by the species for spawning and foraging. Located in between legally protected Dalsung wetands and lowland regions of the retarding basin, riverine natural levee is ecologically important area as core habitat for Kaloula borealis, and high number of individuals were detected both breeding and non-breeding seasons. Temperate- and pressure-related meteorological elements are selected as statistically significant variables in species abundance of non-breeding season in lowland and highland regions. However, in sloped regions, only a few variables are statistically significant during non-breeding season. Moreover, breeding activities in sloped regions are statistically significant with minimum temperature, grass minimum temperature, dew point temperature, and vapor pressure. Significant meteorological factors with habitat features are effectively applied to establish species conservation strategy of the retarding basin and to construct for avoiding massive road-kills on neighboring roads of the study sites, particularly post-breeding movements from spawning to burrowing areas.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.167-178
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• 2014

The populations of Pinus densiflora in South Korea were grouped into 4 types; Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata, Community of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica, Community of Pinus densiflora-Fraxinus sieboldiana & Rhus javanica & Quercus mongolica and Community of Pinus densiflora-Prunus sargentii & Rhododendron mucronulatum. The Shannon diversity index was varied between 0.9171 and 1.5016, while the Similarity index was varied between 43.18 and 72.16. The species of Pinus densiflora are correlated positively significant with Carex humilis var. nana, Quercus serrata and Atractylodes ovata and negatively significant with Aster scaber and Sorbus alnifolia in order. According to the Correlation analysis, the relationship between the distribution of Pinus densiflora populations and the environment factors are closely related with the character of forest soil. Thus types for Pinus densiflora are differed. pH, Ex. K and Ex. Ca of Pinus densiflora populations effect No. of species and H'(shannon index). Canopy open effects No. of Individuals of Pinus densiflora community.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.2
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• pp.201-223
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• 2022

Currently, species extinctions are increasing due to climate change and continued anthropogenic impact. We selected 300 species for conservation with emphasis on plants co-occurring in the Baekdudaegan area, which is a large ecological axis of Korea. We aimed to investigate the vegetation community and environmental characteristics of Zabelia tyaihyonii in the limestone habitat among the target plant species in the Baekdudaegan region to derive effective conservation strategies. In Danyang-gun, Yeongwol-gun, and Jecheon-si, we selected 36 investigation sites where Z. tyaihyonii was present. We investigated the vegetation, flora, soil and physical environment. We also found notable plants such as Thalictrum petaloideum, Sillaphyton podagraria, and Neillia uekii at the investigation sites. We classified forest vegetation community types into 4 vegetation units and 7 species group types. With canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the vegetation community and habitat factors, we determined the overall explanatory power to be 75.2%, and we classified the environmental characteristics of the habitat of Z. tyaihyonii into a grouping of three. Among these, we detected a relationship between the environmental factors elevation, slope, organic matter, rock ratio, pH, potassium, and sodium. We identified numerous rare and endemic plants, including Thalictrum petaloideum, in the investigation site, and determined that these groups needed to be preserved at the habitat level. In the classification of the vegetation units analyzed based on the emerging plants and the CCA, we reaffirmed the uniqueness and specificity of the vegetation community in the habitat of Z. tyaihyonii. We anticipate that our results will be used as scientific evidence for the empirical conservation of the native habitats of Z. tyaihyonii.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.3 no.1_2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1980

This study was carried out to find out the correlation between plant groups and environomental gradient in the native grassfild near Kang Nam Express Terminal from August 26 to september 15, 1977. The correlations among plant species were calculated by using the method of x2 and the various relationships among soil environmental gradients were grouped by means of correlation coefficient. As a result, both the species and the soil environmental factors could be subdivided into four groups, and the four groups of the native grassfield were turned out to be correlated with the four groups of soil environmental factors. The first plant group (Panicum dichotomiflorum, Chenopodium album, Bidens forndosa, Humulus japonicus, Alopeculus amurensis, Potentilla fragarioides, Centipeda minima, Beckmannia erucaeformis) was formed in the releve 1∼10 reagions, organic matter by Turins's method, Total N, Exchange Ca and total of Exchange K, Na, Kg, Ca were abundent. The second plant group (Digitaria sanguinalis, Paltulaca oleracea, Echinochlea macrocrovi, Cyperus amuricus) was formed in the relve 11∼18 reagions, where Exchange Ca and total of Exchange K, Ng, Mg, Ca were little but Exchange A1 and sand were aburdent. In relve 19∼20 reagions, with much of Exchange Ca, total of Exchange K, Na, Mg, Ca, pH and a little Exchange Al, was found the third plant group (Pycreus sanguinoloentus, Cyperus amuricus, Ludwigia prostrata, Echinochloa echinata, Polygonum thunbergii, Salix glandulosa seedling) The fourth plant group (Cassia nomame, Polygnoum perfoliatum, Setaria viridis, Glocien ussuriensis, Lactuca indica, setaria glauca, Artemisia capill aris, Artmisia asiatica, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Kummerowia striata, Denothera odorata, Artemisia japonica, Carey laceolata) was formed in relve 21∼25 reagions, where organic matter by loss on ignition, Exchange Mg and Maximum water holding capacity were abundent but sand was a little. Thus it can be concluded that there is a close relationship between the vegetation group clasified by meaus of x2 and the environtal factors of soil devided by means of correlations coefficient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.79-85
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• 2003

Human beings have pursued development and economic betterment; thus, enhancing convenience and prosperity. A flourish of human civilization upon the industrialization results a massive urbanization. However, human beings have connived the environmental importance in the course of rapid urbanization. The environmental quality now becomes one of the most important factors that determine the quality of life in a city. Many studies were proceeded about the heat island effect in large cities. In general, most studies have been done to investigate urban microclimate phenomena using meteorological network or AWS (automatic weather station) data. Those preceding studies do not seem to sufficiently reflect the and thus, failed to show regional representative. In this study, temporal Landsat TM satellite imageries of May 20, 1987 and May 21, 1999 were 뻐d in order to detect the surface temperature of the study area using the band 6 ($10.4{\mu}m{\sim}12.5{\mu}m$). The surface temperature distribution detected by the band 6 of Landsat TM was over layed with the land cover classification data in order to investigate the temperature difference of the paved road and the riparian areas of the stream. As a result, a surface temperature difference as much as $3^{\circ}C$ between the paved road and the riparian areas with vegetation was observed. This study concludes that the land cover change is one of the main causes of urban heat island effect which may be closely affected by the paved areas and roads. Besides, the change of the atmospheric temperature followed by the urban secular change could have been confirmed. In the case of Yangjaecheon stream which underwent a heavy environmental restoration in 1995, the temperature was decreased as much as $0.6^{\circ}C$ after the restoration. The results of this study is expected to contribute to develop an urban space in harmony with the healthy human life and the environment respecting the crucial role of vegetation to stabilize the urban environmental dynamics.